Discuss the work of Michael Haneke in relation to realism Essay

Discuss the work of Michael Haneke in relation to realism - Essay Example Haneke is a well-read European intellectual. He has his roots in the theatre and is also proficient in classical music. His musical talent shows in his films too. He was born in 1942 and his career is like an anomaly. He worked in German and Austrian television for 20 years. Then he made his first feature film The Seventh Continent. Since then he has made nine distinctive theatrical films. Michael Haneke uses the technique of staged realism instead of depicting reality in an attempt for developing staged constellations. This magical technique also includes the viewer. His films have a model structure. The purpose of the structure it is to address the viewer as a white Western subject, a person who is guilty in Hanekes opinion (Niessen, 2009). His technique of addressing the viewers is not on an individual basis, he talks about the whole Western society. The film and technique confronts; Michael Haneke’s filming technique usually include characters with abstract white bourgeois names and features. The protagonists are usually portrayed as morally corrupt and self-alienated. Peter Brunette explains this technique in his book Michael Haneke (2010). The alienation from self and others which the modern society is routinely producing and the loss of humanity in a collective basis, the grinding attenuation of human emotion, and the loss of human communication with the technological advancement, all have distorted the relationship between reality and its representation. The reinforcement of this stereotypical image is to make the viewers uncomfortable because they would consider themselves being portrayed in the movie. This is achieved by leaving the matrix open by the film’s abstractions (Niessen, 2009). The small problems that individuals face in his movies are usually representations of larger issues of the Western culture. Hence, the characters become the symbol of Western social issues. Hanekes movies attract wider audiences. Haneke

Speech Outline - INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION Essay

Speech Outline - INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION - Essay Example In the absence of intercultural communication skills, one is likely to confusion and misunderstanding Good communication does not necessarily mean that one has to use perfectly structured sentences or paragraphs. Good communication is not about slickness. With it, simplicity and transparency go a long way.† To overcome the cultural barriers and limitations encountered when entering new territory, its necessary for organizations to identify and understand the cultural differences that exist in various communities across to avoid damaging business relations in the foreign territory. Various theories have been suggested, however, the set the principles that govern the interpretation of the basics of intercultural communication. These theories help in handling possible areas of conflict by issuing a basic instruction on how to address situations. These guidelines help mitigate conflict among converging but distinct ethnic groups (Marcel, 1997). The fundamental skills of intercultural relations are established communications skills applied universally by people from diverse cultures and races (Hall, 1989). These skills take into consideration the cultural limitations; examples include listening without judging, repetition and accountability, giving suggestions and acknowledging a comprehensive education and or reasoning in this case. Considering the skills with the hope of gaining respect from others, which is a common language in all over the world and the only way to succeed it is to respect others, though it is through that they also learn to respect you. When attention is established, the rest of the transmission system can be successful because an exemplary learning environment is created for the both parties involved. Terminologies within the cross-cultural communications sector can sometimes be baffling to those reading the documentation, websites or promotional material. Many examine the difference between intercultural and cross cultural’.

Analysis Of A Whole Tourism System Tourism Essay

Analysis Of A Whole Tourism System Tourism Essay Introduction Nowadays, the world tourism industry is growing very fast. Tourists are now visiting more remote areas and amazing places. Tourism in presents world is no more a basic sightseeing. The tourism systems are the arrangement of people, places and organizations in particular roles and it is named as a geographical extremities. Many of the tourism systems are modeled as arrangements of five common elements which are interactive to environments (Leiper, 1990). So, this paper would like to present the Whole Tourism System (WTS) in a peaceful destination like Auckland city in New Zealand as it is famous about Eco-tourism Adventured-tourism and wonderful nature. Almost all of foreign tourists visit the Auckland city as a first city when they come to New Zealand. In This paper will analysis Bangkok and Auckland and case study from my experience when I was an international student and stay there for 10 months. I took a Thai airway (TG) direct flight from Bangkok to Auckland. I paid for booking the round trip air ticket around 40,000 Bath. Normally, if you stay for holiday the air fares much cheaper. Maybe the price between 25,000 35,000 Bath. It depends on which airline you choose. During I studied in Auckland, my cousin come to travel in Auckland. At that time, He arrived by Thai airways direct flight but his air ticket was cheaper than my ticket because he plan to stay in Auckland for 2weeks. So, I taught him about Transit Route (TR) and also we went to Waiheke Island by Ferries boat to get into. It not far from Auckland city. However, we collected the information from Tourist Information centre at the Aucklands Sky Tower. So, Auckland city is quite easy for travel without agency because New Zealand concern about this and also the local peo ple speak English language. WHOLE TOURISM SYSTEM (WTS) Whole tourism system will help to understand about the tourism WTS is huge because every itinerary route followed by one or more tourists it is an open system its models are recognize that facts and its implementation the closed system is the one does not interact with the environment (Leiper, 2004). In other word, many people are seeing the tourism as an industry rather than understanding the tourism as a system which includes the elements which are interrelated parts working together to complete general purposes. This is called tourism system (Mill and Morrison, 2002). The whole systems will tells about all tourism industry business hotels, resorts airlines other business and organizations affected by the tourism. And it provides the better understanding to the people who are working the hotels and resorts to not basically provide service to customers but to understand why they are coming to the hotels (Mill and Morrison, 2002). And Leiper said that the system he thought that there should be a model of whole tourism system (WTS) to present a way of bearing in mind the complete scope of tourism. Also the whole tourism systems focus and develops tourism market for meets the requirement of a tourist. So the propose of this paper will describe and analysis a whole tourism system. Tourists Tourism has become a popular in a global leisure activity. According to Leiper said that the tourists are the people who travel away from the home to another place for a short-term period of at least one night, to the extent that their behaviour involves a search for leisure experiences from interactions with features or characteristics of places they choose to visit. (Leiper, 2004) And also Leiper said At least one tourist is elementary. Without tourists there can be tourism (Leiper, 2004). In this case, from the information of Tourism New Zealand show that the visitors who come to the New Zealand spend 6.2 billion us dollars by international visitor in the year to Dec 2009. So, New Zealand tourism industry from the last couple of years has emerged as a major factor in the growth of New Zealand economy with substantial foreign exchange earnings. As tourism constitutes various other related sectors including hotels, resorts, and other industries it has a significant contribution to the overall revenue. However, Tourism New Zealand show the table about the most number of tourists will come to see the Auckland city which is once the biggest city of New Zealand before they visit another place in New Zealand. In this case, Bangkok is traveller generating region (TGR) and Tourism New Zealand said the number of Thai people come to travel in New Zealand at least 3,500 visitors, followed by March, May and October. There were 19,296 visitor arrivals from this market in the year ended November 2009. Except the number of tourists from Thailand airport comes to visit Auckland city who is not Thai people. So, Bangkok able to be a first of traveller generating region or second traveller generating region as well. Traveller-generating region (TGR): Bangkok, Thailand Traveller-generating region (TGR) is places where a tourists trip begins and normally ends (Leiper, 2004). The generating regions are the place for the essential markets of the tourist business and it is the basis of tourist industry (Bhatta, 2002). Traveller-generating region (TGR) is the origin of tourist or a place that inspire the desire to travel (Leiper, 2004). However, Auckland city concerned about Traveller-generating region (TGR) is important. That can show from the number of travel fair which New Zealand come to promoted themself. Because New Zealand attracts a steady number of visitors from the South East Asian markets of India, Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand. The markets have shown resilience during the global economic downturn, proving their value for New Zealand tourism. Although these markets are smaller in visitor numbers, awareness of an interested in New Zealand holidays is strong. These markets also offer good opportunities to boost visitor numbers to New Zealand in autumn, which is the peak time for travel from Thailand. And visitor arrivals from Thailand decreased by 3.4 per cent in the year ended June 2008 from one year prior followed by a slight increase of 1.3 per cent in the year ended 2009. So Bangkok not only Tourist destination region (TDR) for every traveller it can be come to a Traveller-generating region (TGR) for the people who live or come to travel in Bangkok and the tourists who comes to visit can plan to next travel to go to Auckland city before go back home or other destinations anyway. Transits Route (TR): Bangkok to Auckland Leiper said that Transits Route (TR) is places that tourist passing through along the way in order to get to their tourist destination regions (Leiper, 2004). So, there are many international flights to New Zealand and from there are several ways to reach the main destination for Auckland city. Unfortunately, availability of airline seats is a concern for New Zealand in South East Asia, particularly for India, which is not currently served by direct flights to New Zealand. Tourism New Zealands Regional Manager for South East Asia is based in Mumbai, but we also have offices in Bangkok and Singapore. Anyway, there are many direct international flights from Bangkok to Auckland. Thai Airways now flies four 777-300 non-stop services per week between Bangkok and Auckland. The airline is looking at increasing services between the two cities in the near future. In Auckland city, you can rent the car or take a punctually bus (Stagecoach Auckland) when tourist want to go travel in the city. However, the information of Tourism New Zealand showed that 50% of visitor from Thailand are coming with a group. So, it much easier to go travel in every main tourist attraction. Tourist destination region (TDRs): Auckland, New Zealand Tourist destination region (TDR) are places where a tourists main visiting activities occurs (Leiper, 2004) and Tourist destination region (TDR) can be defined as places where travels choose to stay awhile for leisure experiences(Leiper, 2004). Followed by Leiper said, New Zealand is one of the well-known destinations of the World Tourism map with peaceful city. Auckland city is one of peaceful city in New Zealand. Population of Auckland city without traveller are around 1.3millions. Local people said Auckland city as a city of sail or queen city because Auckland city is a biggest and grow up fastest in New Zealand. Nowadays, Auckland is a centre of business and industry. Not only this, Auckland city is a city with natural resources and green the atmosphere so Auckland city becomes popular for international student and traveler more. Moreover, there are plenty of shopping areas, lot of souvenir and the tourist attraction. Form my advised which are push factor of Auckland city; Aucklands Sky Tower is highlight of Auckland city. There are casino, restaurants, high jump activity and the best view point inside the tower. Mount Eden is old volcano mountain area and the highest point of Auckland city. Auckland Zoo is fantastic place to see Pacific Oceans animal. Traveler also can found Kiwi bird as the symbolic of New Zealand. Auckland Museum is the one of biggest museum in New Zealand. National Maritime Museum is the museum which collects the history of ocean 1,000 years before. Auckland Art Gallery Toi O Tamaki is collecting every kind of arts of New Zealand including Maori arts too. Victoria Park Market as a creative market for teenager and traveler. One Tree Hill (Maungakiekie) is a volcanic cone which dominates the skyline in the southern inner suburbs. Also it is history place of negotiation about Maori people and European people. Ericsson Stadium is a rugby stadium. It is a famous place of local people because rugby is the most famous sport in New Zealand. Auckland Harbour Bridge is also the highlight and one of Auckland citys symbolic. However, Maori Culture and Maori Art easily found. Also Auckland is the best place for sheep products it is pretty cheap and the tourists can find different verities of sheep product and best quality too. Tourist visit Auckland in early morning, afternoon, or evening and also a special part of Auckland city is a night time. Especially sky tower changes colour every month. So, it is very beautiful to visit Auckland city as a Tourist destination region (TDR). Tourism industries Normally, tourists are booking everything from travel agency but some just booking only air ticket so Tourism industries quite important for tourist. Leiper said that Tourism industries are an organizational element which is collections of managed organizations in the business of tourism that work together to some degree in marketing tourism and providing services, goods and facilities and Tourism industries represent organizations that engage or influent the tourists activities (Leiper, 2004). The tourists arriving in Auckland were welcomed by local people. And there are various tourism industries to accommodate tourists visiting to Auckland. Kiwiexperience.com one of many choice about tourism information service which is reasonable price and many of tourist from this site are around 18-35 year old. Tourismnewzealand.com is recognized by ministry of government for give every information to traveller. However, Auckland city has a many information centre service and also there are off icer who wearing a red suit will help you to give information for traveller in every main street. So it quite helpful for traveller without travel plans. ENVIRONMENTS AFFECTING WHOLE TOURISM SYSTEM (WTS) Environments nearby a tourism destination interrelate with tourism actions happening in the destination. Following are some environments affecting WTS in Auckland. Physical environment The Atmosphere in the city the architecture of the buildings reflects European style and elegance. Some of architectural is Maori style. It is the one of many major tourist attractions in Auckland. And also Auckland city is a green city and safe. So, this kind of physical environment is the first reason for the city to be a Tourist destination region (TDR). Climate change At the present, Auckland is facing some world environmental problems call climate change or global warming. So some time Auckland meets some bad effect of this problem too. World economy crisis World economy crisis effects to every tourist from worldwide. Tourist least spent their money and also they slow down for many holiday plan. So, just like Leiper said no tourist no tourism. WHOLE TOURISM SYSTEM (WTS) AFFECTING ENVIRONMENTS The environments of anything are the nearby circumstance that may have an effect on it in any way and that might be affected by it (Leiper, 2004). Physical impacts Mainly in Auckland mostly at weekend it is seen as physical impacts caused by the growing number of tourists coming from everywhere and the domestic tourists are visit in the weekend time. So it a lot of traveller in every beaches or tourist attractions. It is main worst part and the pollution. So, water pollutions and urban waste are increased because of activities done by tourists. Economic impacts Tourism has major effects on the economies of destination areas (Mathieson and Wall, 1982). So, A number of factors are responsible for the rapid growth and development of the tourism industry in New Zealand. These include the strong economic growth increase in income, breakdown of political barriers, easing of travel restrictions, liberalization of air transport, and focused marketing campaigns. Strong economic growth in New Zealand is attributed to a focus on market reforms, export oriented industries, stable currencies, diversification of the economy, and massive injection of foreign capital. Billions of Us dollars are being poured into the tourism infrastructure to accommodate a rapidly increasing Indian tourism industry. This has intensified trade, investment, and travel within the region and with the rest of the world. Tourism also helps to generate additional job placements for its people (Mathieson and Wall, 1982). Tourists are spending money in Auckland as a Tourist destinat ion region (TDR) and also give involvement in rising per person wages in the places and also improve various businesses for other communities. CONCLUSION This report showed how the model of Whole Tourism System (WTS) is applied in Auckland city. There are five elements in whole tourism systems they are Travellers Generating Regions (TGR), the Transit Route (TR) and the Tourist Destination Region (TDR) Tourism Industries and Tourist. Knowledge of how Leipers Basic Whole Tourist System aids in the development of a destination such as Auckland city. Throughout my study in this area I have looked at this whole system will helps the tourism planners the planners need to understand this system because this paper gives the brief understanding about each and every element in this system and how it will after the other system as well. All the system are interrelated to other systems so each and every element should work properly as if one fails to function properly wit will affect the whole tourism system. According from my point of view after studying about the whole tourism system each and every element is important to be a success full trip if one of the elements is missing from the Whole tourism system (WTS) there is no tour and then there is no tourism.

The Importance of Principles in A Man for All Seasons :: Man for All Seasons Essays

The Importance of Principles in A Man for All Seasons There are many issues that people have to deal with in society. Some issues can be difficult to handle and some can be easy. While dealing with these issues, people tend to be more curious about their personal life then the life of their time period. There are many consequences that will be occurring to that situation depending on how people will deal with the problems they face in their lives. In the play "Man For All Season", Thomas More, does not only life for his personal life, but also the life oh his time period that makes him a strong person who faces many issues by being pressured his family and friend, by not saying the oath, and by always sticking to his principals. "A Man for All Seasons" by Robert Bolt, deals with a famous man suffers death rather that swearing on an oath which ran against the dictates of his conscience. He is a man of complete integrity and strength. More has an extremely brave mind, loyalty for his king, and a love of his religion. He is a man of strong faith and deep trust in himself when dealing with one of the difficult many situations he is placed in. One of the biggest political issues dealt with King Henry the 8th is that he needed a son. After nearly twenty years of marriage to Queen Catherine, Henry never got a son and therefore, had a divorce. Unfortunately, a papal dispensation was necessary. This dispensation is not easily obtained especially since Catherine the wife of Henry's older brother who had died. Therefore; the marriage had never been valid and the request for a second dispensation is refused. This is the time when Henry had asked More for his approval but More does not agree with the s ituation because it is against the law and his moral beliefs. As a consequence, more is sent to jail because these beliefs go against Henry orders. More is pressured by many people in this play but always tries his best to keep his beliefs and principles which makes him a "Man for All Seasons". Thomas More deals with a lot of pressures and stress that come from his family and friends.

The Definition of Family in the Constitution

Article 41 of the Constitution recognises the Family â€Å"as the natural primary and fundamental unit group of Society†, and as a â€Å"moral institution possessing certain inalienable and imprescriptible rights† which are â€Å"antecedent and superior to all positive law†. The State guarantees to protect the Family in its constitution and authority â€Å"as the necessary basis of social order and as indispensable to the welfare of the Nation and the State†[1]. Article 41 of Bunreacht na hEireann contains the main provisions relating to the family. It is generally considered that Articles 41 and 42 were heavily influenced by Roman Catholic teaching. They were clearly drafted with one family in mind, namely the family based on marriage. †[2]. Since 1937 when the constitution was drafted there has been major social changes such as, changing attitudes to sexual behaviour, contraceptive use, social acceptance of pre marital relations, cohabitation and single parenthood, social acceptance of divorce, just to name a few. These social changes which would not have readily existed in 1937 have not been adapted to in the Constitution in Article 41/42 concerning the †family†. Simply put the definition of family in the constitution is old fashioned. I am of the opinion that an amendment to â€Å"The Family†- namely Article 41 is required. I base my argument on 3 main reasons 1) More types of family should be recognised, not just that of a marital family. 2) The definition of family should be changed to include expressed rights of a child incorporated into Article 41 and the rights of a child not just fall under that of †the family† 3) The wording of the rights of the family to change to allow for more state intervention. Though the â€Å"family† is not defined in the constitution the Supreme Court held that the family is based on marriage – State(Nicolaou) v An Bord Uchtala[3] : Walsh J – â€Å"the family referred to on [Article 41. 3. 1] is the family which founded on the institution of marriage, on which the family is founded on the institution of marriage and, in the context of the Article, marriage means valid marriage under the laws for the time being in force in the state†. Article 41. 3. [4] states â€Å"The State pledges itself to guard with special care the institution of marriage, on which the family is founded, and to protect against attack† . From this definition it appears that a non-marital family would not be protected by the State against attack. In my opinion this provision should be amended to conform to the social change that I have previously mentioned as a family in current times is no longer just a marital family. â€Å" The law must, as far p ossible mirror contemporary civilization and as that changes so must the law. If the law becomes too rigid and inflexible, then there is always the danger that it will conflict with the needs of the people, with all the unfortunate consequences to which conflict may arise†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. during the dynamic periods of History †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. for it becomes essential for the legal system to adjust itself to the novel conditions of social life†[5] As a general rule most rights and obligations flowing from family law legislation are confined to families based on marriage. There are few contexts where non marital relationships are recognised such as domestic violence[6] and wrongful death[7]. The European Court of Human Rights have taken broader approach then Ireland and has been deemed to protect inter alia the family life of non-marital parents and their children. â€Å"It is likely that the failure to recognise the rights, and indeed the duties, of the members of non-marital families may constitute a breach of Art. 8 of the European Convention of Human rights, which requires that the State respect the family life of all persons†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. iven that the convention is now part of domestic law it is only a matter of time before Irish Law is found to be in breach†[8] The European Court of Human Rights(ECHR) broader approach to the definition of a †family† can be seen in Mouta v Portugal[9]. In this case the ECHR recognised a homosexual man and his child as a family which wouldn't be recognised under the Irish Constitution. Da Silva was previously married and had a daughter in this relationship and divorced 3 years later. .The applicant (Da Silva) sought an order giving him parental responsibility for the child. The Lisbon Family Affairs Court awarded Da Silva parental responsibility. His ex-wife appealed against the Family Affairs Court's judgment to the Lisbon Court of Appeal, which reversed the lower court's judgment and awarding parental responsibility to the ex-wife, with contact to the applicant. It was held by the ECHR that the judgment of the Court of Appeal, in so far as it set aside the judgment of the lower court, constituted an interference with the father's right to respect for family life and attracted the application of Art 8 of the Convention. Were this case to appear in an Irish Court De Souza would not have been awarded custody due to the the rigidness of the courts to move from strictly interpreting †family† in the constitution . Secondly I will explore how 1)Article 41 acts as a shield against state intervention against matters concerning †the family† and also 2)why I think †the child† should be given expressed rights in the constitution contained in the definition of family. In my opinion I think that Article 41 acts as a shield against state intervention. I think â€Å"a shield† is an effective way of describing the Article as a shield protects against attack but does not block all danger/damage, just like Article 41protects the †family† but does not provide complete immunity. This article emphasises the rights of the family as a whole while not exploring individual rights such as the rights of the child. I think the words †inalienable and imprescriptible†/rights superior to positive law† are too strong as it gives the State limited opportunity to intervene with matters concerning †the family†. When can the state intervene?. Murphy J gave his view on this question â€Å"where conduct of parents are such to constitute a virtual abdication of their responsibility or alternatively, the disastrous consequences of a particular parental decision are so immediate and inevitable as to demand intervention and perhaps call into question either the basic competence or devotion of the parents† A State intervention must be proportionate -breach of Article 41 must have justifiable circumstances. As I previously mentioned Article 41 does not provide complete protection. This can be seen in People v T[10] where a father had been convicted of sexual offenses against his daughter. Casey made the point that while Article 41 â€Å"established that the family as a unit had it's own special rights, other provisions make it clear that each member of that unit had his/her own constitutionally-guaranteed personal rights†¦.. It follows from this that the common law rule can have no application in cases where one member of a family is alleged to have committed an offense against another†[11]. I have already given my opinion that i think the words ‘inalienable and imprescriptible† and †above positive law† are too strong and limit the courts powers in intervening. One case where I think this is prevalent is is N v Health Service Executives[12] aka †the baby Ann case†. At the time of A's birth in July 2004 the applicants were unmarried and they decided to place A for adoption. The applicants married in Northern Ireland in January 2006, strengthening their legal position as they now formed a family under the constitution. The High Court held that the child was in the lawful custody of Mr and Mrs D(the Adoptive parents) and that, accordingly, a conditional order for the inquiry under art 40 had to be discharged. The decision of the High Court was based on his conclusion that the applicants had failed in their duty towards their daughter and abandoned her and that there were compelling reasons why the child should not be returned to their custody. The decision was overturned by the Supreme Court. I feel that the decision by the Supreme Court was inappropriate, it did not take into account the welfare of the child, Article 41 restricted the courts ability to award custody of the child to the adoptive parents, as the maternal parents and Baby Ann has formed a †family† under the constitution. If the State had more powers to intervene and supersede Article 41 then the custody would probably have been given to the adoptive parents (which would have been the right decision from my point of view). John Walters gave his view on the Supreme Courts decision â€Å"its hands tied by outmoded provisions of the Constitution, was prevented from doing the â€Å"decent† thing: leaving baby Ann with her prospective adoptive parents†[13]. Judge Catherine McGuiness, closing remarks in the case were interesting. She voiced criticism regarding the rights of the child in the constitution and also how she was reluctant to come to the decision to support the maternal parents claims. â€Å" It would be disingenuous not to admit that I am one of the ‘quarters' who have voiced criticism of the position of the child in the Constitution. I did so publicly in the report on the Kilkenny Incest Inquiry in 1993. The present case must, however, be decided under the Constitution and the law as it now stands. With the reluctance and some regret I would allow this appeal. †[14]. I think that the argument to give the child expressed rights under the constitution is intertwined with giving the State more scope on intervening in family cases. As it stands children's rights are thought as secondary to the parents and this can be see in Crowley. [15] I think that there should be a change from the paternalistic approach, whereby the adults know best. Were there to be an express provision outlining the right of the child there would gave been an alternative decision in the PKU test case[16]. The court acknowledged the right of the parents to refuse a both standard and important test for a new born child while ignoring the best interests of the child. The Council of Europe Recommendation 1289 (1996) point 8(i) on a European Strategy for children advised that there should be guarantees that children's rights should be explicitly incorporated into constitutional text. [17] To summarise I think Article 41 concerning the definition of family should be changed. It is outdated basing a family on marriage as in current times there are more then just marriage based families, there are a variety of situations which the normal person would regard as a ‘family'. The Constitutional Review Group stated that there is a â€Å"multiplicity of differing units which may be capable of being considered family†. [18] I think there should be an exhaustive list including the instances above where a member of the public would regard the situation as being a family. Alternatively you could leave the definition of family open and state that â€Å"family† is not confined to that of just a family based on marriage. This would leave the judiciary to determine a family on a case by case basis which is similar to the ECHR approach. This would result in a large amount of uncertainty. I would favor the first option even though it would arise it's own problems such as would being forced to become a legal family under the constitution infringe on personal rights? And also how would you determine the length of time a family is together to qualify as co-habitant?. Either way I think the implied definition of family needs to be changed. To highlight the constant increase of different types of families and the need for reform, I have taken statistics from the last 3 census' of the number of units formed by cohabiting couples (which are one †family I think should be recognised) and formed a table, this furthermore indicates the need to incorporate the change in society into the constitution.

Smoking And Coronary Heart Disease Health And Social Care Essay

Medical inventions and quickly germinating engineering has led to a lessening in the rate of mortality from diseases. However, the fast and invariably altering feverish life style of today has led to the debut of new diseases, unhealthy life style and early, premature deceases. Today ‘s engineering has provided us with the benefits of early sensing and preventative interventions and replies to some of the antecedently incurable diseases. But it has brought in increased emphasis and unhealthy feeding and other wonts that have in some ways caused more harm than benefit. This study titled â€Å" Smoke: The Heart Breaker † is a expression at the current state of affairs of coronary bosom diseases caused by smoke, relevant statute laws, policies and patterns, schemes to cover with the state of affairs and hereafter of the disease at local, national and planetary degrees. The study will get down by discoursing the smoke and coronary bosom disease as a public wellness issue and the grounds for concern. It will supply a background to assist better understand the present state of affairs along with an epidemiology of the disease and its causes, with particular mention to smoke. It will so travel on to describe about the legislative policies and schemes that are being presently undertaken in the part of Burnley, East Lancashire to counter this peculiar wellness issue. The study will besides discourse the policies and enterprises and the position of the wellness issue at national and planetary degree, so as to supply a complete and holistic image of the earnestness of the wellness issue. Finally the study will discourse the current schemes being employed by the authorities every bit good as non-government bureaus to undertake the wellness issue. Recommendations will besides be made to assist do an betterment in the current state of affairs.2.0 Public Healt h Issue: Coronary Heart Disease due to SmokingThe term ‘Coronary bosom disease ‘ is used to depict a status of obstruction or break of blood supply to the bosom due to build-up of fatty substances in the coronary arterias ( NHS, 2009 ) . This build-up ( called atheroma ) can take to deficient supply of blood to the bosom doing hurting in the thorax known as angina. A wholly out of use arteria can take to a bosom onslaught ( called myocardial infarction ) ( NHS, 2009 ) . There are assorted mild to critical impacts of this status that even ensue in decease. Harmonizing to the British Heart Foundation Statistics ( 2009 ) , diseases related to the bosom and circulatory issues are the biggest cause of deceases in the UK, ensuing in over 90,000 deceases in the UK in a twelvemonth. This has resulted in non merely raised concerns about the disease but besides turning attempts to increase the consciousness about the disease, its causes, and preventative every bit good as precauti onal steps that can assist to avoid the disease. The state of affairs is n't any brighter in other parts of the universe. Harmonizing to the World Health Organisation ( WHO ) , the bulk of states around the universe are affected by coronary bosom disease and the disease is a major slayer, particularly in developing and transitional states of the universe. In a WHO study, cardiovascular diseases ‘ including coronary bosom disease is considered to be the taking cause of decease and is projected to increase from 17.1 million in 2004 to 23.4 million in 2030 ( WHO, 2004 ) . Among the assorted causes of coronary bosom disease, smoke is regarded to be one of the primary causes. Harmonizing to the WHO study, tobacco-related deceases are expected to lift from 5.4 million in 2004 to 8.3 million in 2030, stand foring 10 % of all planetary deceases ; and smoke has been associated to cardiovascular diseases and subsequent deceases ( WHO, 2004 ) . Harmonizing to a survey conducted in 2008, smoke is the taking cause of cardiovascular diseases including coronary bosom disease ( Bullen, 2008 ) . Though increasing age has been thought as a cause of coronary bosom disease, two surveies have found that improper life style, emphasis, etc are increasing the mortality rates due to coronary bosom disease among the immature population in the UK, USA and Australia ( Nemetz, Roger & A ; Ransom, 2008 ) & A ; ( Ford & A ; Capewell, 2007 ) . Therefore, the turning concern for this disease and its preventable yet common cause is the pick of subject for this study.2.1 Background and EpidemiologyCardiovascular diseases including coronary bosom disease have been found to be an indifferent slayer that can make mayhem in any society irrespective of its economic, political, cultural, spiritual, regional or racial individuality. Similarly, baccy smoke ( either active or inactive ) is known to be a major cause of many diseases including the coronary bosom disease. Given the nerve-racking life style in today ‘s universe, many people take up smoking to undertake the emphasis degrees and in the procedure get a ddicted. They non merely harm themselves but besides people around them. The part of Burnley in East Lancashire, is no exclusion to this tendency. Bing witness to many friends and household members taking up smoking in the name of alleviating emphasis and so acquiring addicted and eventually stoping up enduring from diseases, particularly coronary bosom disease inspired the pick of subject for this study. There are several causes that can ensue in coronary bosom disease. The NHS lists smoke as the major cause of the disease ( NHS, 2009 ) . The assorted other causes of coronary bosom disease have been listed as high blood force per unit area, high degree of cholesterin in blood, presence of thrombosis and / or diabetes unhealthy life style with no regular exercising, fleshiness and a household history of angina and / or bosom onslaught ( which are familial ) ( Nemetz et al, 2008 ) . The hazard factors associated with coronary bosom diseases which can non be treated, modified or changed include age, gender and heredity ( or race ) . Increasing age increases the hazards of coronary bosom disease and human death from it. Men are found to be at a greater hazard of enduring from coronary bosom disease in comparing to adult females ( Wells, 1999 ) . Heredity of coronary disease or its causes such as diabetes, high blood force per unit area, and cholesterin are besides known to make hazards o f coronary bosom conditions. The causes such as smoke, high degree of cholesterin in blood, high blood force per unit area, physical inaction, being overweight and / or fleshiness and diabetes ( diabetes mellitus ) are some of the hazard factors of coronary bosom disease that can be modified, changed and controlled by taking medicine and / or by following a healthy life style. Other hazard factors and causes of the disease include emphasis and intoxicant dependence and can in certain fortunes prove to be fatal causes of the coronary bosom disease ( Ewles & A ; Simnet, 2003 ) . Comparative informations of the effects of coronary bosom disease in different states do non supply a really positive image ( see appendix 1 ) . Harmonizing to a World Health Organisation study study, the mortality from cardiovascular diseases in 2002 for the developed states like the United Kingdom and the United States was higher than many other developing states like China, India, even Nigeria ( WHO, 2002 ) . It is clear from the informations, that developing states have a much higher mortality rate from cardiovascular and accordingly coronary bosom diseases in the developed states like UK, USA, Germany ; and an of import fact to notice is that the decease rate is higher in the European part in comparing to other parts of the universe. This most likely can be attributed to the inordinate usage of baccy, intoxicant, improper life style that increases emphasis degrees, improper eating wonts that leads to blood sugar and cholesterin in the blood. The baccy use in different states around the universe besides points towards the ghastliness and outrageousness of the state of affairs, through which one can appreciate the hazard of baccy doing farther deceases due to coronary bosom disease ( WHO, 2008 ) . The WHO report on baccy ingestion in different states show that despite authorities enterprises and ordinances, the baccy ingestion has largely increased and has led to increased mortality particularly in the age groups between 25-45 old ages. Though coronary bosom disease is of planetary nature without any sort of boundary, assorted specific groups of people are in greater hazard of holding the disease in comparing to others. The affinity to holding coronary bosom disease is dependent on factors such as geographics, heredity, age and gender. Work force are at an increased hazard of enduring from coronary bosom conditions as compared to adult females ( Wells, 1999 ) . Increase in age increases the opportunities of enduring from coronary bosom disease ( DoH, 2004 ) . Coronary bosom conditions are besides known to be prevailing among Mexican Americans, some Asiatic Americans, American Indians, and Native Hawaiians ( American Heart Association, 2010 ) . England is one of the most vulnerable states in Europe when it comes to coronary bosom diseases ( NHS, 2009 ) . Populations in developing and developing states of the universe excessively are at a higher hazard of enduring from coronary bosom disease and related human deaths ( American Heart Association, 2010 ) . Smokers, corpulent people and people with high blood cholesterin are besides included in the high hazard group for coronary bosom disease. Female tobacco users are more susceptible to the disease particularly with increased age since females are more susceptible to the dangers of smoking in comparing to work forces ( WHO, 2002 ) . With increased impact of aggressive and unhealthy life style and emphasis, the immature population across the developed states of the universe excessively are progressively coming under the hazard of coronary bosom disease ( NHS, 2008 ) . Therefore, these hazard factors result in the coronary bosom disease taking on a pandemic nature if certain precautional and preventative steps are non taken to command the hazard factors that can be influenced.3.0 Schemes, Policies and EnterprisesGiven the turning concern about coronary bosom diseases, deceases due to the disease and the impact on the younger population, authorities bureaus around the universe are taking stairss to battle the turning threat. Non-governmental and private bureaus excessively are fall ining the attempts to advance a healthy life style and consciousness about preventative techniques that can assist to convey down the hazards associated with the disease and the lifting instances of human deaths. This subdivision of the study looks at the schemes, docket, policies, that are being undertaken at the local ( NHS East Lancashire, 2010 ) , national and planetary degrees to battle coronary bosom disease.3.1 Local Public HealthIn East Lancashire, several workshops and other programmes have been undertaken to increase consciousness, educate and assist the occupants of the country give up smoke and follow a healthy life style that will assist forestall and contend coronary bosom disease. The MPs in the part are promoting antismoking statute laws and policies being adopted by the governments. The NHS has introduced the construct of fume free zones. The SMYL programme is advancing healthy life style and eating wonts ( NHS East Lancashire, 2010 ) . Another run called ‘Could it be you ‘ was besides started in 2008 to assist people fight coronary bosom disease and follow healthy and preventative life style ( Chime Communications Plc, 2008 ) . The governments in East Lancashire have besides collaborat ed with different bureaus to get down webs that can advance anti baccy run and raise consciousness on coronary bosom disease ( NHS Networks, 2010 ) . This engagement of the authorities every bit good as non-government bureaus in the country, one can be hopeful that headroom will be made into the affair. However, it is of import that the public realise the criticalness of the state of affairs and take advantages of the programmes being undertaken to hold a long, healthy and disease free life.3.2 Deductions at the National LevelThe National Heart Forum ( 2006 ) indicated that bosom diseases cost the UK around ?29 billion per twelvemonth and was termed as ‘economic load ‘ . There are several programmes that have been taken up by the wellness attention governments and the authorities in coaction with non-government bureaus to advance anti smoking wonts in the state. Several regional programmes such as Bolsover – Teenage Smoking Programme, Corby – Smoking Cessat ion Programme, Halton – Smoke-free Programme, London Borough of Tower Hamlets – Tobacco Control Alliance, Pendle – Smoke-free Council, Heartbeat Awards, the GO Smokefree Campaign, etc have been launched in an earnest to control the turning consequence of smoke in the state ( I & A ; DeA, 2009 ) . Several governmental statute laws have besides been put into topographic point ( I & A ; DeA, 2007 ) . The Department of Health has besides started programmes such as Start4Life, 5 A Day, National Support Teams and Let ‘s Get Moving to advance healthy life style that can assist to forestall coronary bosom disease ( DoH, 2010 ) . Therefore the assorted authorities and nongovernment bureaus in UK are doing attempt to command smoking wont and better life style of the citizens of the state thereby guaranting a brighter future free from smoking and coronary bosom disease.3.3 Global HealthThe battle against smoke and coronary bosom disease has taken tremendous proportio ns with the turning realization that these are two of the most of import slayers in the universe today. Particularly, the apprehension that smoking causes diseases such as the coronary bosom disease non merely in the tobacco user but besides in non-smokers who have been in the presence of tobacco users, has led major administrations and developed states of the universe to taking a base against smoke. The ‘Work with Heart ‘ undertaking by WHO is assisting to distribute the message of preventative actions that can assist in forbiding coronary bosom disease and other cardiovascular diseases ( WHO, 2010a ) . WHO has besides taken up research and planetary partnership enterprises to assist the developing states of the universe battle cardiovascular diseases ( WHO, 2010b ) . Furthermore, WHO has aligned with several states in the universe to advance regional activities under the planetary scheme to counter cardiovascular diseases which includes America, Eastern Mediterranean, Africa, South-East Asia, European part and Western Pacific ( WHO, 2010c ) . To assist contend the smoke dependence turning among states, WHO has set up the Global Tobacco Surveillance System ( GTSS ) ( WHO, 2010d ) and is besides join forcesing with different international administrations such as the United Nations and the authoritiess of assorted states to assist run against sale and usage of baccy among different states ( WHO, 2010e ) .4.0 Recommendations and DecisionUpon analyzing the current state of affairs on a local, national and planetary footing, the undermentioned recommendations can be made: Enterprises to forestall coronary bosom disease and advance anti smoke wonts need to be undertaken at the grass root degree, i.e. at local degree. This will do the enterprises and runs more effectual. The developing states such as India, Brazil and China need to be targeted with assurance. Further researches into preventative and healing medical specialties and engineerings for coronary bosom diseases need to be promoted. Healthy life style demands to be promoted at every degree since preventative patterns are more good than healing 1s. It is of import to gain that despite several enterprises being taken by local, national and planetary bureaus and authoritiess, smoking tendencies are increasing around the universe and has started to impact the immature population. Coronary bosom disease excessively has started to take its toll on the population around the universe due to the feverish and unhealthy life styles that have come to pervade people ‘s lives. It is extremely indispensable that for the success of the enterprises and programmes, people must be involved in them and everyone across the Earth has to gain that simple alterations to their life style, eating wonts and anti smoke steps will assist to contend and forestall coronary bosom disease. The alterations in life style will besides convey down coronary bosom disease caused due to other factors such as emphasis, intoxicant, blood sugar and cholesterin. To reason, it can be stated that bar is better than remedy and discontinuing smoke and taking a healthy life style can protect everyone from the soundless slayer, the coronary bosom disease ( Ewles & A ; Simnet, 2003 ) .MentionsAmerican Heart Association ( 2010 ) Hazard Factors and Coronary Heart Disease [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml? identifier=4726 ASH ( 2009 ) Ash facts at a glimpse: Execution of the Smoke-free Law in England, Wales and Northern Ireland [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_594.pdf Ash ( 2007 ) Ash facts at a glimpse: Smoke and Diseases [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_94.pdf Ash ( 2010 ) Ash facts at a glimpse: Smoke Statisticss [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_93.pdf Ash ( 2010 ) Ash facts at a glimpse: Tobacco Economicss [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_95.pdf Ash ( 2009 ) Ash facts at a glimpse: Tobacco Regulations [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_96.pdf British Heart Foundation Statistics Website ( 2009 ) Mortality [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.heartstats.org/topic.asp? id=17 Bullen, C. ( July, 2008 ) . Impact of Tobacco Smoking and Smoking Cessation on Cardiovascular Risk and Disease. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy, Vol. 6, No. 6, pp. 883-895. Chime Communications Plc ( 2008 ) East Lancashire PCT Enlists BMT to Develop a Campaign to Undertake the Region ‘s Biggest Killer [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.chime.plc.uk/press-releases/bmt-launches-east-lancashire-pct-campaign-could-it-be-you Department of Health ( DoH ) ( 2010 ) Public Health [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publichealth/index.htm Department of Health ( DoH ) ( 2004 ) The National Service Framework for Coronary Heart Disease: Wining the War on Heart Disease [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_4077154 Ewles L, Simnett I. ( 2003 ) . Promoting Health: A Practical Guide. London: Balliere Tindall. Ford, E. S. & A ; Capewell, S. ( 2007 ) Coronary Heart Disease Mortality Among Young Adults in the U.S. from 1980 Through 2002. Concealed Levelling of Mortality Rates Journal of the American College of Cardiology Vol. 50, pp. 2128-2132. Improvement and Development Agency ( I & A ; DeA ) ( 2009 ) Smoking [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.idea.gov.uk/idk/core/page.do? pageId=5889940 Improvement and Development Agency ( I & A ; DeA ) ( 2007 ) Smoke-free Legislation [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.idea.gov.uk/idk/core/page.do? pageId=6166044 National Health Service ( NHS ) ( 2009 ) Health A-Z: Coronary Heart Disease [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nhs.uk/conditions/Coronary-heart-disease/Pages/Introduction.aspx National Health Service ( NHS ) ( 2008 ) Rates of Heart Disease in the Young [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nhs.uk/news/2007/January08/Pages/Ratesofheartdiseaseintheyoung.asp National Heart Forum ( 2006 ) Economic Cost of Heart Disease [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.heartforum.org.uk/AboutCHD_Economicburden.aspx Nemetz, P. N. , Roger, V. L. , Ransom, J. E. , Bailer, K. R. , Edwards, W. D. , Leibson, C. L. ( 2008 ) Recent Trends in the Prevalence of Coronary Disease: A Population-Based Autopsy Study of Non-natural Deaths Archival of Internal Medicine Vol. 168, No. 3, pp. 264-270. NHS East Lancashire ( 2010 ) SMYL If you want to populate longer [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.smyl.eastlancspct.nhs.uk/welcome/ NHS Networks ( 2010 ) East Lancashire Public Health Network [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.networks.nhs.uk/networks.php? pid=727 Smoke Free ( 2007 ) Smoke-free Legislation Compliance Data [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.smokefreeengland.co.uk/files/dhs01_03-smokefree_report_final.pdf Wells, A. J. ( 1999 ) Passive Smoking and Coronary Heart Disease New England Journal of Medicine Vol. 341, No. 9, pp.697-698. World Health Organisation ( WHO ) ( 2004 ) Causes of Death ( portion 2 ) . The Global Burden of Disease: 2004 Update [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GBD_report_2004update_part2.pdf World Health Organisation ( WHO ) ( 2010a ) Cardiovascular Diseases: Key messages to protect bosom wellness [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/cardiovascular_diseases/en/ World Health Organisation ( WHO ) ( 2002 ) Global Burden of Disease in 2002: Data Beginnings, Methods and Results [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //apps.who.int/infobase/compare.aspx? dm=10 & A ; countries=818 % 2c250 % 2c414 % 2c484 % 2c554 % 2c566 % 2c643 % 2c710 % 2c826 % 2c840 & A ; year=2002 & A ; sf1=mo.cg.059 & A ; sex=all World Health Organisation ( WHO ) ( 2010d ) Global Information System on Tobacco Control [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/tobacco/global_data/en/index.html World Health Organisation ( WHO ) ( 2010e ) Global Network [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/tobacco/global_interaction/en/ World Health Organisation ( WHO ) ( 2010c ) Regional Activities to the Global CVD Strategy [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/cardiovascular_diseases/region/en/ World Health Organisation ( WHO ) ( 2010b ) Research and Global Partnership Initiatives [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/cardiovascular_diseases/research/en/ World Health Organisation ( WHO ) ( 2008 ) Tobacco Use: Infobase [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //apps.who.int/infobase/report.aspx? rid=116 & A ; dm=8BibliographyAmerican Heart Association ( 2010 ) Hazard Factors and Coronary Heart Disease [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml? identifier=4726 Ash ( 2007 ) Ash facts at a glimpse: Smoke and Diseases [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_94.pdf ASH ( 2009 ) Ash facts at a glimpse: Execution of the Smoke-free Law in England, Wales and Northern Ireland [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_594.pdf Ash ( 2009 ) Ash facts at a glimpse: Tobacco Regulations [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_96.pdf Ash ( 2010 ) Ash facts at a glimpse: Smoke Statisticss [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_93.pdf Ash ( 2010 ) Ash facts at a glimpse: Tobacco Economicss [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_95.pdf British Heart Foundation Statistics Website ( 2009 ) Mortality [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.heartstats.org/topic.asp? id=17 Bullen, C. ( July, 2008 ) . Impact of Tobacco Smoking and Smoking Cessation on Cardiovascular Risk and Disease. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy, Vol. 6, No. 6, pp. 883-895. Chime Communications Plc ( 2008 ) East Lancashire PCT Enlists BMT to Develop a Campaign to Undertake the Region ‘s Biggest Killer [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.chime.plc.uk/press-releases/bmt-launches-east-lancashire-pct-campaign-could-it-be-you Department of Health ( DoH ) ( 2004 ) The National Service Framework for Coronary Heart Disease: Wining the War on Heart Disease [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_4077154 Department of Health ( DoH ) ( 2010 ) Public Health [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publichealth/index.htm Ewles L, Simnett I. ( 2003 ) . Promoting Health: A Practical Guide. London: Balliere Tindall. Ford, E. S. & A ; Capewell, S. ( 2007 ) Coronary Heart Disease Mortality Among Young Adults in the U.S. from 1980 Through 2002. Concealed Levelling of Mortality Rates Journal of the American College of Cardiology Vol. 50, pp. 2128-2132. Hill, S. Blakely, T. , Kawachi, I. , Woodward, A. ( 2004 ) Mortality Among â€Å" Never Smokers † Populating with Smokers: Two Cohort Studies British Medical Journal Vol. 328, No. 7446, pp. 988-989. Improvement and Development Agency ( I & A ; DeA ) ( 2007 ) Smoke-free Legislation [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.idea.gov.uk/idk/core/page.do? pageId=6166044 Improvement and Development Agency ( I & A ; DeA ) ( 2009 ) Smoking [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.idea.gov.uk/idk/core/page.do? pageId=5889940 Jiang, H.E. , Vupputuri, S. , Allen, K. , Prerost, M. R. , Hughes, J. , Whelton, P. K. 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NHS East Lancashire ( 2010 ) SMYL If you want to populate longer [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.smyl.eastlancspct.nhs.uk/welcome/ NHS Networks ( 2010 ) East Lancashire Public Health Network [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.networks.nhs.uk/networks.php? pid=727 Smoke Free ( 2007 ) Smoke-free Legislation Compliance Data [ Online ] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.smokefreeengland.co.uk/files/dhs01_03-smokefree_report_final.pdf Wells, A. J. ( 1999 ) Passive Smoking and Coronary Heart Disease New England Journal of Medicine Vol. 341, No. 9, pp.697-698. Whincup, P. H. , Gilg, J. A. , Emberson, J. R. , Jarvis, M. J. , Feyerabend, C. , Bryant, A. , Wakler, M. , Cook, D. G. ( 2004 ) Passive Smoking and Risk of Coronary Disease and Stroke: Prospective Study with Cotinine Measurement British Medical Journal Vol. 329, No. 7459, pp. 200-205. 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The Causes Of The Holocaust Essays - Racism, Antisemitism The Causes of the Holocaust Post World War I Germany saw difficult times. Germans were searching for a reason to blame someone for their problems and extremist groups such as the Nazis provided a focus for the German people. Some historians will argue that extreme nationalism was the cause of the Holocaust because of the power of the Nazi party. While a large part of this is true, Germany's anguish after World War I sent people looking for reasons to blame someone or something for their burdens, Germany's humiliation after World War I, its dire economic situation, and antisemitism all came together to cause the Holocaust. Germany's embarrassment after losing World War I was one of the major reasons for the cause of the Holocaust. After Germany's defeat in World War I, Germans found it hard to believe they had lost the war. The Treaty of Versailles was a document that officially ended military actions against Germany (Craig 424). Germans did not like this treaty because their government would have to pay other countries for their economic losses (Allen 57). Germany also lost all of its colonies overseas. It had to give back provinces to France, Belgium, and Denmark. France got German coal mines and Gda sk, now a city in Poland, became a "free city." Poland gained most of Western Prussia and Germany's Rhineland was demilitarized, although allied troops occupied it for fifteen years after the war (Shirer 59). The Treaty also solely held Germany responsible for the War in a "war guilt" clause which greatly upset the Germans. When the German government saw the treaty, they heavily opposed i! t; however they had to accept it. Germany's new republican government ratified it in 1919. Germany's defeat in the war and the provisions in the Treaty of Versailles, officially ending the war, greatly outraged the German people. Germany had lost everything, the economy was in a decline and there was an extremely high unemployment rate. The Germans wanted to restore their nation to its former greatness (Hashoah 28). They wanted to complete this task of restoration in a very short amount of time. German citizens also started looking for a reason for their defeat. A new political party called the National Socialist German Workers Party, or Nazis, began its climb by bringing back old prejudices and blaming the Jews for Germany's defeat in the first World War. These were some of the factors that came together to cause the rise of Hitler's Third Reich and the slaughter of twelve million innocent people in the Holocaust. Germany's bad economy in the 1920's and 30's was a factor for the cause of the Holocaust and the Rise of the Third Reich. After the Treaty of Versailles was signed in 1919, Germany owed other nations money for their economic losses during World War I. This made Germany very poor in the early twenties. In 1923, inflation reached its climax in Germany which made the German Mark lose its value and virtually wiped out the middle class. The German economy was so bad that cartoons were drawn depicting middle class Germans carting around their few possessions and money in wheel barrows. Middle class citizens became more susceptible to appeals from extremist groups such as the Nazis which came about in the years following World War I because they had provided a focus for Germany's problems. Less than three years after German's economy had somewhat stabilized, it went in to a severe economic depression along with the rest of the Western world in 1929. During the years of econom! ic depression the Weimar Republic, who ruled Germany from 1919 to 1933, was criticized for not being able to deal with Germany's problems effectively and efficiently. The Communist and the National Socialist Parties were supported by most of the German voters by 1933 because of Germany's economic problems (Shirer 258). Antisemitism was by far the biggest factor for the cause of the Holocaust. Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Party were behind this antisemitism campaign. When Hitler and the Nazi party gained power, they made antisemitism an official government policy. Germans were looking for a quick way out of their problems and, by listening to Hitler, they believed

Architecture That Constitute To The Mood Philosophy Essay

Architecture That Constitute To The Mood Philosophy Essay The character of a space or place is not simply a visual perceptual quality, as is usually assumed. The judgement of the character of an environment is a complex combination of numerous factors which are immediately understood as an overall mood, feeling, ambiance, or atmosphere. Peter Zumthor, who is one of the architects who has acknowledged the significance of architectural mood, says â€Å"I enter a building, see a room, and in a fraction of a second have this feeling about it†. The experience is multi-sensory in its very essence; however it also involves judgements beyond the five Aristotelian senses. The immediate judgement of the character of a space calls for our entire, embodied and existential sense. It could be perceived in a subtle and peripheral manner, rather than through precise and conscious observation. The aim of this dissertation is to identify the factors in architecture that constitute to the mood of a place or space; and also if the factors are universal to all the arts such as music, film, paintings and sculpture. The question sought to be answered is: What are the constituents in a space or place that contribute to the creation of a mood? The majority of the work produced by the three architects selected revolves around this phenomenological field of study. By assessing their individual relevant literary and architectural works, and extracting the common and overlapping qualities, a more profound understanding of this mood is expected to be acquired. Acknowledgments Introduction John Dewey a visionary American philosopher, who already eight decades ago grasped the immediate, embodied, emotive and subconscious essence of experience, articulates the nature of this existential encounter: â€Å"The total overwhelming impression comes first, perhaps in a seizure by a sudden glory of the landscape or by the effect upon us of entrance into a cathedral when dim light, incense, stained glass and majestic proportions fuse in one indisting uishable whole. We say with truth that a painting strikes us. There is an impact that precedes all definite recognition of what it is about.† (Dewey, Art As Experience, page 151) In ancient environmental moods there exist interpersonal moods such as cultural, social, family, work place, etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. The mood of a social situation can be supportive or discouraging, liberating or repressing, inspiring or dull. We can even speak of specific moods in the scale of cultural, regional or national entities. We can indeed speak of the mood of the place, which gives it its unique perceptual character and identity. Dewey explains this unifying character as a specific quality as he writes: â€Å"An experience has a unity that gives it its name; that meal, that storm, that rupture of friendship. The existence of the unity is constituted by a single quality that pervades the entire experience in spite of the variations of its constituent parts. This unity is neither emotional, pract ical, nor intellectual, for these terms name distinctions that reflection can make within it.† (Dewey, Art and Its Significance: An Anthology of Aesthetic Theory, page 206) In another context the philosopher reemphasises the reintegrating power of this experiential quality when he writes â€Å"The quality of the whole permits, affects and controls every detail.† As we enter a space the space enters us, and the experience is essentially an exchange and fusion of the object and the subject. Robert Pogue Harrison, the American literary scholar states â€Å"In the fusion of place and soul, the soul is as much of a container of place as place is a container of soul, both are susceptible to the same forces of destruction.†

Is it Ethical to Leak Information From the Dressing Room Essay

Is it Ethical to Leak Information From the Dressing Room - Essay Example According to the management team, what Iker did was unethical and therefore it made him sit on the bench for almost half of the season as the result of which the performance of â€Å"Real Madrid† suffered. This paper discusses the question of, is it really ethical for the media to reveal such conflict about a team which could easily be misused by the competitors? The paper also discusses the details of the case, analyzing the ethical side of it and putting light on that how the parties associated with the case have actually been affected by it.The Media in this situation played a very critical role. Sara Carbonero and Iker Casillas were accused several times for leaking the information of team’s locker room to the channel but the media made the situation worse by broadcasting it and making it available for the competitors of the â€Å"Spain’s Football Team† and â€Å"Real Madrid†. The media on several occasions exposed some controversial information such as the weakened relationships of players or the views of management on the poor performance of any specific team player. Every time the Channel Sara worked for broadcasted any such news it created an atmosphere of distrust in the team’s dressing room, affecting the relationships of the players to some extent. There have been many times when there has been a clash between the players because of the media issue. There have also been occasions when Iker thought about leaving the club that has been the most important part of his live.

Future Trends in HR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Future Trends in HR - Essay Example The digital age enables part-time, remote work along with new paradigms that reward creativity. Motivation cohesive teams capitalize upon new systems of applying human intellect. Certain advances in HRM have helped meet these challenges. Holistic management helps leaders see people within an organizational framework where these process networks are emerging (Chiavenato 2001). Some of the traditional roles of HRM have become domain of middle management, and strategic planning has become a task for HRM. Joint decisions and communication augment this emerging corporate culture.Helping employees develop their full potential as well as developing alternatives to traditional conflict management are just some of the new trends toward more effective HRM. As globalization continues to consolidate many of the previously disparate systems in business, HRM is changing to meet these new challenges. It is becoming more and more dynamic and is emerging as a synergistic force in this global economy. Nevertheless, as nuances in organizations appear, HRM must adapt to dynamically meet these demands. Chiavenato, I. (2001). Advances and challenges in human resource management in the new millennium.

Human Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Human Development - Essay Example Physical changes can mark significant stress reactions that can lead to a variety of negative behaviors. It is during this period where the desire to find independence from caregivers is strongly on their consciousness, and the level of stress will either increase or decrease in relation to how their parental figures handle this new need for independence. More controlling families could lead the child to develop depressive symptoms while a liberating household might give them the freedoms they demand, therefore having minimal stress and stress reactions. Environment and the level of control placed over the youth during adolescence will determine whether or not this is a period of stress and storm. A highly controlling household acts as an impediment to perceived achievement, which is considered a strong factor in males that can lead to stronger emotional outbursts or negative stress response (Kort-Butler, 2009). In terms of finding self-identity, it is often the opinion of peers that dictate how a person views themselves and they consider the thoughts of people in various reference groups when molding their self-concept. Media can play a big part in the child’s viewpoint, such as with young females comparing themselves to beauty ideologies represented in many television commercials, and then finding dissatisfaction for not being able to attain these physical traits. Even though this is a distorted view, the outcomes on personal adolescent stress that is caused by reference groups can be quite negative. It is common for adolescents to go through what is referred to as a moratorium, where they have non-conformist attitudes and a strong rebellion toward parents, with peer groups considering their behaviors to be intense and outside of the social norm (Weiten & Lloyd, 2005). Youths that fit this profile often will not commit to parental moral values, or sometimes those of peers, and they find themselves (at least

Discussion 2 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion 2 - Coursework Example A lot of care was ensured to enhance the interviewees to have a great trust to support the shared learning experience. They ensured that they maximized on their learning by examining own reactions to the responses of the interviewees. They were at least two or three different researchers who interpreted each of the interviews (Kram, Wasserman & Yip, 2012). This clinical approach assumed that all the experiences of individuals are shaped by personal and contextual factors already known as the main theme of the research. The collaboration between the researcher and research participant enhanced the discovery and understanding of such multiple influences (Rousseau, 2005). Their hunch that the work identity of the interviewees was shaped by their work setting and their age and previous experiences in their career was confirmed by the responses given. The partnership with the first study enabled them to demonstrate differing career histories and current contexts in the work situations. Thus, the two studies greatly

Marketing Management of Wal-Mart Research Paper

Marketing Management of Wal-Mart - Research Paper Example The author of the paper states that a clerk working at Wal-Mart will hear approximately 475 blips from her scanner per hour, these scans will then appear within the hour at the company's headquarters via its 460-terabyte computer system. This computer system, according to the New York Times, carries more data than the entire Internet. " Wal-Mart themselves on their website claim, "Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. is the world's largest retailer, with $285.2 billion in sales in the fiscal year ending Jan. 31, 2005. The company employs 1.6 million associates worldwide through more than 3,700 facilities in the United States and more than 2,400 units in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Germany, Guatemala, Honduras, Japan, Mexico, Nicaragua, Puerto Rico, South Korea, and the United Kingdom. More than 138 million customers per week visit Wal-Mart stores worldwide"  With such data that speak for themselves, the mass retailing giant must be doing something right. Marketing m ay be defined as any gesture executed to create, satisfy, and keep customers. Wal-Mart seems to have mastered the art of bringing in customers to its stores as well as retaining them. It has aligned itself unerringly with the six Ps of marketing comprising of price, product (or service), place, promotion, people, and positioning. These six components constituting the marketing mix, when combined to make a winning combination are the basis of a growing business.  Wal-mart's marketing is all about the customer-oriented merchandising. Wal-mart's own unique strategy right from the beginning has held it in good stead. Responding to a customer's requirement of low cost, high value and all under one roof convenience, Wal-Mart squeezed its suppliers, economized on all fronts, and passed onto the savings to the customers. Its widely publicized jingle, "low cost- Always" with a sunny yellow smiley face logo has created an extraordinary perception of the low price that has sent shoppers floc king to its aisle. Although Wal-Mart does less at a very low cost, there are a few items where Wal-Mart is not the cheapest, but people buy it nevertheless, due to the perceived image. Wal-Mart carries 150,000 items beneath one roof thereby making it a one-stop shop for the purchase. This is an added benefit for Wal-Mart in that not only people are offered more choice, but go through their entire shopping list in a single store setting Walmart's cash registers ringing.  Unlike its competitors, Wal-Mart, except for a few seasonal sales does not depend on sales for its revenues. While other competitors lure customers in advertising a few products on sale while hinging on the belief that this will trigger other purchases. Wal-Mart just banks on the perception that the entire merchandise is competitively priced and the customer can pick up an item, based on the contention he is getting the best bargain no matter what he loads his cart with.  With merchandise placed within easy acces s, Wal-Mart associates are more involved in stocking shelves and offer minimal service and this further reduces costs for Wal-Mart.  Customer-oriented marketing was successfully employed at Wal-Mart where the employees were utilized to understand the needs of the customers and the methodology of how they make their choices of products they require. In this way, the research was kept straightforward and simple, and Walmart's marketing was closely aligned to customer needs.

Human Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Human Development - Essay Example Physical changes can mark significant stress reactions that can lead to a variety of negative behaviors. It is during this period where the desire to find independence from caregivers is strongly on their consciousness, and the level of stress will either increase or decrease in relation to how their parental figures handle this new need for independence. More controlling families could lead the child to develop depressive symptoms while a liberating household might give them the freedoms they demand, therefore having minimal stress and stress reactions. Environment and the level of control placed over the youth during adolescence will determine whether or not this is a period of stress and storm. A highly controlling household acts as an impediment to perceived achievement, which is considered a strong factor in males that can lead to stronger emotional outbursts or negative stress response (Kort-Butler, 2009). In terms of finding self-identity, it is often the opinion of peers that dictate how a person views themselves and they consider the thoughts of people in various reference groups when molding their self-concept. Media can play a big part in the child’s viewpoint, such as with young females comparing themselves to beauty ideologies represented in many television commercials, and then finding dissatisfaction for not being able to attain these physical traits. Even though this is a distorted view, the outcomes on personal adolescent stress that is caused by reference groups can be quite negative. It is common for adolescents to go through what is referred to as a moratorium, where they have non-conformist attitudes and a strong rebellion toward parents, with peer groups considering their behaviors to be intense and outside of the social norm (Weiten & Lloyd, 2005). Youths that fit this profile often will not commit to parental moral values, or sometimes those of peers, and they find themselves (at least

Marketing Management of Wal-Mart Research Paper

Marketing Management of Wal-Mart - Research Paper Example The author of the paper states that a clerk working at Wal-Mart will hear approximately 475 blips from her scanner per hour, these scans will then appear within the hour at the company's headquarters via its 460-terabyte computer system. This computer system, according to the New York Times, carries more data than the entire Internet. " Wal-Mart themselves on their website claim, "Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. is the world's largest retailer, with $285.2 billion in sales in the fiscal year ending Jan. 31, 2005. The company employs 1.6 million associates worldwide through more than 3,700 facilities in the United States and more than 2,400 units in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Germany, Guatemala, Honduras, Japan, Mexico, Nicaragua, Puerto Rico, South Korea, and the United Kingdom. More than 138 million customers per week visit Wal-Mart stores worldwide"  With such data that speak for themselves, the mass retailing giant must be doing something right. Marketing m ay be defined as any gesture executed to create, satisfy, and keep customers. Wal-Mart seems to have mastered the art of bringing in customers to its stores as well as retaining them. It has aligned itself unerringly with the six Ps of marketing comprising of price, product (or service), place, promotion, people, and positioning. These six components constituting the marketing mix, when combined to make a winning combination are the basis of a growing business.  Wal-mart's marketing is all about the customer-oriented merchandising. Wal-mart's own unique strategy right from the beginning has held it in good stead. Responding to a customer's requirement of low cost, high value and all under one roof convenience, Wal-Mart squeezed its suppliers, economized on all fronts, and passed onto the savings to the customers. Its widely publicized jingle, "low cost- Always" with a sunny yellow smiley face logo has created an extraordinary perception of the low price that has sent shoppers floc king to its aisle. Although Wal-Mart does less at a very low cost, there are a few items where Wal-Mart is not the cheapest, but people buy it nevertheless, due to the perceived image. Wal-Mart carries 150,000 items beneath one roof thereby making it a one-stop shop for the purchase. This is an added benefit for Wal-Mart in that not only people are offered more choice, but go through their entire shopping list in a single store setting Walmart's cash registers ringing.  Unlike its competitors, Wal-Mart, except for a few seasonal sales does not depend on sales for its revenues. While other competitors lure customers in advertising a few products on sale while hinging on the belief that this will trigger other purchases. Wal-Mart just banks on the perception that the entire merchandise is competitively priced and the customer can pick up an item, based on the contention he is getting the best bargain no matter what he loads his cart with.  With merchandise placed within easy acces s, Wal-Mart associates are more involved in stocking shelves and offer minimal service and this further reduces costs for Wal-Mart.  Customer-oriented marketing was successfully employed at Wal-Mart where the employees were utilized to understand the needs of the customers and the methodology of how they make their choices of products they require. In this way, the research was kept straightforward and simple, and Walmart's marketing was closely aligned to customer needs.

Islamic Change Over Time Essay Essay Example for Free

Islamic Change Over Time Essay Essay By the early eighteenth century, the Ottoman Empire was in decline. The weak rulers of the empire left the way open for power struggles among officials, religious experts, and Janissary commanders. Provincial administrators and landholders conspired to drain revenue from the central treasury. The general economy suffered from competition with the West as imported goods ruined local industry. European rivals took advantage of Ottoman weakness. The Austrians pushed the Ottomans from Hungary and the northern Balkans. Russia expanded into the Caucasus and Crimea. The subject Christian peoples of the Balkans challenged their rulers: the Greeks won independence 1830, and Serbia won independence in 1867. European military assaults and diseases destroyed existing civilizations. African and Asian civilizations were able to withstand the early European arrival, but the latter’s continuing development by the end of the eighteenth century made them dominant. The subordinate civilizations reacted differently. Some retreated into an idealized past; others absorbed ideas from their rulers. The various efforts at resistance did not all succeed. Some civilizations survived; others collapsed. The leaders and thinkers of the Islamic world were divided about how to reverse decline and drive back Europeans. They argued over a spectrum ranging from a return to the past to the adoption of Western ways. By the nineteenth century, the Arabs under the weakened Ottoman Empire were exposed to the danger of European conquest. The loss of Islamic territory to the Europeans engendered a sense of crisis in the Middle East. The Muslims had faced the threat of the West since the Middle Ages. Muslims shared many aspects of culture with Judeo-Christian and Greek tradition; their civilization had contributed to the rise of the West. The Muslims had many centers to defend; the fall of the Ottoman Empire did not mean the end of Islamic independence. They had time to learn during the long Western advance. Muslims could cling to the truths of Islam and survive as a people,

Operation Management Facility Location Layout Marketing Essay

Operation Management Facility Location Layout Marketing Essay Q2. Visit the websites of three major organizations in your region. Find out where their facilities are located. Explain some factors which should be considered while evaluating location options for a facility because globalization has made consumers expect the best products at the lowest prices irrespective of where they are produced. Companies are under competitive pressure to engage in global production and service operations due to the rapid growth of global markets We all know that every organisation goes by the The Four Ps: Price, Product, Promotion and Place. Place refers generally to distribution, i.e., where your customer evaluates and ultimately receives your product or service. While this may not matter much for people who work virtually, or who run a business that drop-ships from a third party, its critical for restaurants, retailers, and even many service businesses. Ironically, while place is often the most permanent of the four Ps, its also often the most overlooked. So, Operations Management takes into consideration Facility location layout to decide on the problem of choosing the right place. Location is about more than just choosing a building. Perhaps for you, opening your business in your own town, or even your part of town, is a given. But consider the big picture: State Income taxes and sales taxes vary greatly from state to state, as do regulatory requirements. Is the state you live in friendly to entrepreneurship? To the specific type of business you want to run? Now might be the time to consider a move if it isnt, or possibly to open your business in a nearby state if you live near a state line. City Rent and other costs, availability of labour, taxes, regulations and government economic incentives can also vary greatly from city to city, even within the same state. Or maybe a small town is the perfect spot for your business. Part of town What kind of commute is involved? Is the part of town consistent with the image for your business? Rent varies greatly according to location. Location relative to streets, parking, and other businesses Do you need to be visible and/or easily accessible to pedestrian and automobile traffic? Will being close to businesses that draw a similar clientele help your business? For example, a sporting goods store or health food store might do very well next to a gym. Type of location Do you need office space, retail or warehouse? Retail is generally the most expensive of the three. There are many factors to consider in choosing the location for your business. While cost is obviously a major consideration, you must also think about your various constituencies. Is your location important to:- You? The space has to work for you, or it wont work. Remember, youre the one has to work there every day. Your customers? It also has to work for your customers, or it wont work. No customers = no business. Your employees? This issue may not be as critical at first, especially if you dont have any employees yet. But the ability to attract and keep good employees will be affected by your location. Strategic partners? While this may not seem like a big issue, the reality is that strategic partnerships happen more easily when the partners are local to each other. Why do you think that certain areas become hubs for certain types of business, such as Silicon Valley for the tech industry? Potential investors or buyers? You may not even be thinking about that yet, but potential investors looking at the long-term value of the business will see location as an important factor. Each of these groups has different concerns about the location: Cost Most obviously, can you afford it? Also, though, consider whether your customers and employees can afford it. For example, is there free parking, or is it expensive? Will higher rent cause you to charge higher prices to your customers? Thats not necessarily a bad thing, but a factor to consider. What about taxes? Income taxes and sales taxes vary greatly from state to state, and if you buy your own property, Convenience Is it easy to find? Is parking close by? Consider your clients. If youre dealing with pregnant mothers and the elderly, they may have a different concept of convenient. Safety This is an increasingly important issue for both customers and employees. Is the parking close by? Well lit? Is there security on the premises? Prestige Would a downtown address add credibility? Will wealthy clients favour a business in their own neighbourhood? Some places even provide virtual offices with prestigious addresses, such as Beverly Hills, Silicon Valley, or Manhattan. Traffic Retailers and restaurants love it, office workers dont. Facility requirements Do you have any special needs, such as high power consumption or specialized wiring? Do you need meeting space, but only occasionally? You might consider a shared office suite (often called executive suites) in that case. Zoning Many cities have very strict zoning requirements. Make sure your business is even allowed there before you sign the lease! A fully informed decision involves a fairly complex matrix of issues. Determine your priorities, keep an open mind about your options, do your research, and get ready to make one of the most important decisions about your business. WHAT IS FACILITY LOCATION LAYOUT? Facility Location is the right location for the manufacturing facility, it will have sufficient access to the customers, workers, transportation, etc. For commercial success, and competitive advantage following are the critical factors. Overall objective of an organization is to satisfy and delight customers with its product and services. Therefore, for an organization it becomes important to have strategy formulated around its manufacturing unit. A manufacturing unit is the place where all inputs such as raw material, equipment, skilled labours, etc. come together and manufacture products for customers. One of the most critical factors determining the success of the manufacturing unit is the location. Factors Influencing Facility Location: If the organization can configure the right location for the manufacturing facility, it will have sufficient access to the customers, workers, transportation, etc. For commercial success, and competitive advantage following are the critical factors: Customer Proximity: Facility locations are selected closer to the customer as to reduce transportation cost and decrease time in reaching the customer. Business Area: Presence of other similar manufacturing units around makes business area conducive for facility establishment. Availability of Skill Labour: Education, experience and skill of available labor are another important, which determines facility location. Free Trade Zone/Agreement: Free-trade zones promote the establishment of manufacturing facility by providing incentives in custom duties and levies. On another hand free trade agreement is among countries providing an incentive to establish business, in particular, country. Suppliers: Continuous and quality supply of the raw materials is another critical factor in determining the location of manufacturing facility. Environmental Policy: In current globalized world pollution, control is very important, therefore understanding of environmental policy for the facility location is another critical factor. Center of Gravity, Location Strategy: Location Strategy in Operations Management is an important factor to be considered. It is important because it helps in determining the place of manufacture. The place of manufacture needs to have certain qualities of features where manufacturing process takes place hassle-free. It is one such method or strategy which can determine the effectiveness of a location. Firms throughout the world are using the concepts and techniques in Operations Management to address the location decision because location greatly affects both fixed and variable costs. Location has a major impact on the overall risk and profit of the company. For instance, depending on the product and type of production or service taking place, transportation costs alone can total as much as 25% of the products selling price. That is, one-fourth of a firms total revenue may be needed just to cover freight expenses of the raw materials coming in and finished products going out. Other costs that may be influenced by location include taxes, wages, raw material costs and rents. Companies make location decisions relatively infrequently, usually because demand has out-grown the current plants capacity or because of changes in labour productivity, exchange rates, costs or local attitudes. Companies may also relocate their manufacturing or service facilities because of shifts in demographics and customer demand. Location options include Expanding an existing facility instead of moving Maintaining current sites while adding another facility elsewhere and Closing the existing facility and moving to another location. The location decision often depends on the type of business. For industrial location decisions, the strategy is usually minimizing costs, although innovation and creativity may also be critical. For retail and professional service organizations, the strategy focuses on maximizing revenue. Warehouse location strategy, however, may be driven by a combination of cost and speed of delivery. The objective of location strategy is to maximize the benefit of location to the firm. Location and costs: because location is such a significant cost and revenue driver, location often has the power to make or break a companys business strategy. Key multinationals in every major industry, from automobiles to mobile phones, now have or are planning a presence in each of their major markets. Location decisions to support a low cost strategy require particularly careful considerations. Once management is committed to a specific location, many costs are firmly in place and difficult to reduce. For instance, if a new factory location is in a region with high energy costs, even a good management with an outstanding energy strategy is starting at a disadvantage. Management is in similar bind with its human resource strategy if labor in the selected location is expensive, ill-trained or has a poor work ethic. Consequently, hard work to determine an optimal facility location is a good investment. Location and Innovation: When creativity, innovation and research and development investments are critical to the operations strategy, the location criteria may change from a focus on costs. When innovation is the focus, four attributes seem to affect overall competitiveness as well as innovation. The presence of high-quality and specialized inputs such as scientific and technical talent As environment that encourages investment and intense local rivalry. Pressure and insight gained from a sophisticated local market. Local presence of related and supporting industries. A workplace that has carefully arranged its layout will allow for a more effective and efficient workflow and produce its good or services to a high standard. There are three types of workflow layouts that managers can choose from: Process layout: arranged in departments (e.g., hospitals). Product layout: production line (e.g., a car assembly plant). Fixed-position layout: building a large item (e.g., jumbo jet). CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR AND DESIRE: Consumer behaviour refers to the mental and psychological process that goes in the mind of buyer so as to choose one product or service and not the other. In the first stage of buying, the consumer identifies and need and selects a product or service that will satisfy the need. On selecting the product, they estimate amount they are willing to spend on it. Just before buying the product or service, the consumer analyzes the different price on offer. Here are the factors that influence consumer choices: 1. Culture Culture is the way of life of a community or group. In order to fit in a cultural group, a consumer must follow the written and unwritten cultural norms. For instance, for your to fit in an Islamic community, you are cannot consume pork. To fit among the youth in any community, you are expected to dress like them. In other words, cultural norms define what a consumer can or cannot buy. 2. Lifestyle Your lifestyle is generally determined by the amount of money you make. If you make more cash, you are expected to keep to a certain lifestyle. Lifestyle influence consumer behaviour directly by the fact that if you earn less, you cannot afford to buy items which are above your class. On the other hand, if you are from a higher class, you will feel like your class is lowered by consuming cheap products or services. 3. Motivation Motivation is what drives a person to consider one need to be more important that the other. The more important need demands to be satisfied sooner than the others. Motivation is powered by different physiological, biological and social needs. If you are motivated by the need to feel important, you will generally buy products or services that feed this need. 4. Personality Personality is a set of characters that are deeply embedded in a persons mind. Personality differs from person to person and also place and time. Personality determines what you eat, wear, drive or watch. In simple terms, personality determines all your decisions including your attitude towards different products. 5. Age Age influences consumer behaviour in a rather direct way. For instance, the needs of a 6-year old are not similar to those of a teenager. Consumer needs are basic in childhood but become complex in teenage and middle ages. In old age, consumer needs go back to basic. Furthermore, the psychological needs of people at different age groups are different thus the difference in consumer behaviour. 6. Perception Perception is the prevailing popular opinion about a product or service at a particular time. Perceptions change with time. Consumer can have the same need but buy totally different brands due to perception. In the past, mobile phones were only for communication- calling and texts. This perception has since changed; mobile phones have a variety of functions. Perception is also influence by media reports and advertising. Just after the Oil Spill at the Gulf of Mexico, perceptions about BP the oil company were really bad. **************