ACT Syllabus What’s on the Exam and How to Prep

ACT Syllabus What’s on the Exam and How to Prep SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you planning for the ACT however aren’t sure which points the test covers?We’re here to help! This guide will give you an inside and out gander at the ACT prospectus and clarify precisely what you can hope to see on the test. For every one of the five ACT segments, I’ll clarify the configuration of the segment, the sorts of inquiries you’ll see, and the abilities that segment tests.Afterward, I’ll likewise go over the best three hints you have to realize when reading for the ACT to assist you with accomplishing your most elevated score. ACT Syllabus Overview Let’s first take get an expansive outline of what the ACT covers before jumping into the particular segments. There are four required segments on the ACT: English, Math Reading, and Science, just as the discretionary Writing segment. To be a specialist on the ACT schedule, you’ll must be OK with every one of these segments. Area Minutes Given Number of Questions English 45 75 Math 60 60 Perusing 35 40 Science 35 40 Composing (Optional) 40 1 exposition All out 3 hours, 35 minutes (2 hours, 55 minutes without the exposition) 154 (+1 exposition brief) The ACT areas will consistently go in a specific order, starting with English and consummation with Writing (in the event that you decide to take it). Underneath, for each segment of the ACT, I’ll clarify which subjects it covers and the abilities it requires. ACT English Syllabus Number of Questions Minutes Given Time Per Question 75 45 36 seconds Arrangement The ACT English segment contains five entries alongside 75 numerous decision questions, so there will be around 15 inquiries for every entry. All inquiries will be founded on the sections. A portion of the inquiries will pose about explicit expressions or sentences in the section, and others will get some information about a section or the whole entry all in all. Abilities Tested ACT English tests two principle content areas:Usage and Mechanics andRhetorical Skills.Usage and Mechanics tests your insight into accentuation, syntax, use, and sentence structure and requires a strong comprehension of accentuation and language structure rules. Explanatory Skills centers around your perception of the entry all in all and your capacity to comprehend and improve the section's association and style. Questions Types There are six fundamental sorts of inquiries on ACT English: three kinds of Usage/Mechanics questions and three sorts of Rhetorical Skills questions. Beneath, the three Usage/Mechanics question types are recorded first, at that point the three Rhetorical Skills question types. Accentuation Accentuation addresses test your insight into interior and end-of-sentence accentuation. To get these inquiries right, you’ll need to know comma, punctuation, period, and semicolon rules. Punctuation and Usage These inquiries test your insight into sentence structure rules, for example, subject/action word understanding, understanding among pronoun and predecessor, and understanding among modifiers and the word altered. There are likewise inquiries on action word arrangement, pronoun case, sayings, and qualifiers. Sentence Structure Sentence structure addresses center around your insight into connections between and among conditions, arrangement of modifiers, and moves in development. Methodology These kinds of inquiries test your capacity to build up a given point by picking words or expressions that fit with an exposition's crowd and reason. You’ll need to consider the entire section and consider whether the conceivable amendment explains or confounds the entry's message. Association Association addresses measure how well you arrange thoughts and pick powerful opening, transitional, and shutting sentences. These inquiries will in general spotlight on the start and parts of the bargains. Style Style addresses test your capacity to pick a fitting word, keep up the degree of style and tone in an article, and dodge hazy pronoun references, tedium, and excess. ACT Math Syllabus Number of Questions Minutes Given Time Per Question 60 60 1 moment Arrangement ACT Math has 60 inquiries, which are all various decision. You’ll have the option to utilize an allowed mini-computer for this whole segment. Abilities Tested and Question Types ACT Math tests six significant ability regions. They are recorded beneath, alongside the level of inquiries posed about them and the more explicit points every zone centers around. Pre-Algebra (20-25%) Essential tasks utilizing entire numbers, decimals, divisions, and whole numbers Spot esteem Square roots and approximations The idea of types Logical documentation Components Proportion, extent, and percent Straight conditions in a single variable Outright worth and requesting numbers by esteem Rudimentary checking methods and straightforward likelihood Information assortment, portrayal, and understanding Understanding basic expressive measurements Rudimentary Algebra (15-20%) Properties of examples and square roots Assessment of logarithmic articulations through replacement Utilizing factors to communicate useful connections Understanding logarithmic activities The arrangement of quadratic conditions by figuring Middle Algebra (15-20%) The quadratic recipe Reasonable and radical articulations Total worth conditions and disparities Groupings and examples Frameworks of conditions Quadratic disparities Capacities and demonstrating Grids Underlying foundations of polynomials Complex numbers Organize Geometry (15-20%) Charting and the relations among conditions and diagrams, including focuses, lines, polynomials, circles, and different bends Charting disparities Incline Equal and opposite lines Separation Midpoints Conics Plane Geometry (20-25%) Properties and relations of plane figures, including edges and relations among opposite and equal lines Properties of circles, triangles, square shapes, parallelograms, and trapezoids Changes The idea of evidence and verification strategies Volume Uses of geometry to three measurements Trigonometry (5-10%) Trigonometric relations in right triangles Qualities and properties of trigonometric capacities Diagramming trigonometric capacities Displaying utilizing trigonometric capacities Utilization of trigonometric characters Unraveling trigonometric conditions As should be obvious, most of the inquiries, over half, center around variable based math and pre-polynomial math. About 40% of the inquiries are on geometry, and the staying 5-10% are on trigonometry. ACT Reading Syllabus Number of Questions Minutes Given Time Per Question 40 35 52 seconds Configuration The ACT Reading area contains four sections or entry sets and 40 different decision questions, implying that there will be around ten inquiries for each entry. All inquiries in this segment depend on sections, and there will be three single entries and one entry pair.The Reading sections will consistently incorporate four diverse branches of knowledge: humanities, regular science, sociology, and artistic fiction. Abilities Tested For ACT Reading, you’ll be utilizing aptitudes regularly required in your English classes, for example, basic thinking and alluding abilities. You’ll should have the option to utilize these aptitudes to achieve the accompanying: Comprehend principle thoughts Find subtleties inside a section and decipher them Decipher arrangement of occasions and stream of thoughts Make examinations Comprehend cause-impact connections Decide the importance of words, expressions, and explanations in setting (these are typically direct, however might be utilized in an unordinary or critical route in setting) Draw speculations Investigate the creator's or storyteller's tone and reason Question Types There are five fundamental kinds of inquiries on the ACT Reading area. Fundamental Idea Fundamental thought questions get some information about the primary concern or topic of the entry. Detail These inquiries will normally allude you to a particular line in the section and ask what it implies. Jargon These inquiries will choose a particular word or expression in the entry and ask what it means or how it works in setting. These inquiries frequently point to a typical word or expression that may be being utilized in an unordinary way. Capacity and Development Capacity and Development addresses test your capacity to depict an expression, sentence, or section with regards to the whole entry. Suggested Ideas These inquiries pose to you to induce the significance of a line, section, or complete entry. ACT Science Syllabus Number of Questions Minutes Given Time Per Question 40 35 52 seconds Configuration Like the English and Reading areas, all of ACT Science’s questions depend on sections. This area contains 40 different decision questions and seven passages.Each of the sections can incorporate outlines, for example, diagrams, graphs, and tables. The sections could concentrate on themes, for example, science, science, material science, and earth/space sciences (counting geography, cosmology, and meteorology). Every section will be trailed by four to seven inquiries. Aptitudes Tested In spite of the fact that ACT Science remembers inquiries for a wide scope of logical themes, this segment tests your logical aptitudes more than your insight into explicit realities or subjects.So, while you won’t be tried on explicit realities, your science classes will show you significant investigation and thinking abilities you have to comprehend the logical strategy and language and excel on this area. The ACT site suggests you take at any rate three years of science in secondary school, including in any event one science course and one physical or earth science course when you take the test. By taking science courses, you’ll find out about the logical technique, how to gather and butt-centric

Genetic Engineering: A Blessing or a Curse? Essay -- essays research p

Presentation Science is an animal that keeps on advancing at an a lot higher rate than the creatures that gave it birth. The change time from plant, to primate, to human far surpasses the time from a number cruncher to a PC. Anyway science in the past has consistently stayed inaccessible. It has took into consideration propels underway, transportation, and even amusement, however never in history has science have the option to so profoundly influence our lives as hereditary building will without a doubt do. With the new innovation there will be, obviously, individuals against it. Individuals who are worried about the possibility that that hereditary building and cloning are simply â€Å"toys of the devil†. They dread that it is dangerous. In any case, I accept hereditary designing is a protected and useful asset that will yield unprecedented outcomes, explicitly in the field of medication. It will introduce an existence where quality imperfections, bacterial infection, and in any event, ma turing are a relic of days gone by. By understanding hereditary building and it’s history, finding it’s potential outcomes, and noting the good and security addresses it delivers, the cover of dread covering this astounding specialized supernatural occurrence can be lifted. The initial step to understanding hereditary designing and embraccing its opportunities for society is to get an unpleasant information base of its history and strategy. To begin with, you should by one way or another locate a comprehension of how people give attributes to their posterity. For example, with respect to eye shading, a youngster could get one lot of qualities from their dad that were encoded one blue, and the other earthy colored. A similar youngster could likewise get two earthy colored qualities from their mom. The end for this legacy would be the youngster has a three of every four possibility of having earthy colored eyes, and a one out of three possibility of having blue eyes. Qualities are transmitted through chromosomes, which dwell in the core of each living life form's cells. Every chromosome is comprised of fine strands of deoxyribonucleic acids, or DNA. The data carried on the DNA decides the cells work inside the creature. "The new study of hereditary building means to take an emotional alternate way in the moderate procedure of evolution". Fundamentally, researchers plan to expel one quality from a creature's DNA, and spot it into the DNA of another living being. This would make another DNA strand, brimming with new envcoded directions, instru... ...y, it will make the most of its season of acknowledgment and come into full use in the public eye. The world is near the precarious edge of the most energizing advance into human development ever, and through information and investigation, should greet it and its prospects wholeheartedly. - Thomas Works Cited  · "Bioethics: an Introduction." http://www.med.upenn.edu/~bioethic/outreach/bioforbegin/beginners.html. Web.  · â€Å"Genetic Engineering.† http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/srtscot/geneng0.shtml. Web. - *Good Site*-  · â€Å"Biosaftey.† http://www.icgeb.trieste.it/~bsafesrv/. Web.  · â€Å"Genetics and cloning.† http://library.thinkquest.org/19697/. Web.  · Roberts, Michael. Science: Nelson Science. Nelson, Thomas Nelson and Sons ltd., 1995, Britanica. The New Encyclopã ¦dia Britanica. College of Chicago, Pan American, 1988. Yount, Lisa. Hereditary qualities and Genetic Engineering. US, Facts on File, New York  · Clarke, Bryan C. Hereditary Engineering. Microsoft (r) Encarta. Microsoft Corporation, Funk & Wagnalls Corporation, 1998.  · Lewin, Seymour Z. Nucleic Acids. Microsoft (r) Encarta. Microsoft Corporation, Funk & Wagnalls Corporation  · http://www.greenpeace.org/~geneng/. Web. Composed by Thomas Grome

Murrays Theory of Psychogenic Needs

Murrays Theory of Psychogenic Needs Theories Personality Psychology Print Murrays Theory of Psychogenic Needs By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on August 18, 2019 Eugenio Marongiu/Cultura/Getty Images More in Theories Personality Psychology Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In This Article Table of Contents Expand Murray's Types of Needs List of Psychogenic Needs Influences Research View All Back To Top American psychologist Henry Murray (1893-1988) developed a theory of personality that was organized in terms of motives, presses, and needs. Murray described needs as a potentiality or readiness to respond in a certain way under certain given circumstances (1938). Theories of personality based on needs and motives suggest that our personalities are a reflection of behaviors controlled by needs. While some needs are temporary and changing, other needs are more deeply seated in our nature. According to Murray, these psychogenic needs function mostly on the unconscious level but play a major role in our personality. Murrays Types of Needs Murray identified needs as one of two types: Primary Needs:  Primary needs are basic needs that are based upon biological demands, such as the need for oxygen, food, and water.Secondary Needs:  Secondary needs are generally psychological, such as the need for nurturing, independence, and achievement. While these needs might not be fundamental for basic survival, they are essential for psychological well-being. List of Psychogenic Needs The following is a partial list of 24 needs identified by Murray and his colleagues. According to Murray, all people have these needs, but each individual tends to have a certain level of each need. Each persons unique levels of needs play a role in shaping his or her individual personality. Ambition Needs Ambition needs are related to the need for achievement and recognition. The need for achievement is often expressed by succeeding, achieving goals, and overcoming obstacles. The need for recognition is met by gaining social status and displaying achievements. Sometimes the ambition needs even involve a need for exhibition, or the desire to shock and thrill other people. Materialistic Needs The materialistic needs center on the acquisition, construction, order, and retention. These needs often involve obtaining items, such as buying material objects that we desire. In other instances, these needs compel us to create new things. Obtaining and creating items are an important part of the materialistic needs, but keeping objects and organizing them is also important. Power Needs The power needs tend to center on our own independence as well as our need to control others. Murray believed that autonomy was a powerful need involving the desire for independence and resistance. Other key power needs that he identified include abasement (confessing and apologizing), aggression (attacking or ridiculing others), blame avoidance (following the rules and avoiding blame), deference (obeying and cooperating with others), and dominance (controlling others). Affection Needs The affection needs are centered on our desire to love and be loved. We have a need for affiliation and seek out the company of other people. Nurturance, or taking care of other people, is also important for psychological well-being. The need for succorance involves being helped or protected by others. Murray also suggested that play and having fun with other people was also a critical affection need. While most of the affection needs a center on building relationships and connections, Murray also recognized that rejection could also be a need. Sometimes, turning people away is an important part of maintaining mental wellness. Unhealthy relationships can be a major detriment to an individuals well-being, so sometimes knowing when to walk away can be important. Information Needs The information needs center around both gaining knowledge and sharing it with others. According to Murray, people have an innate need to learn more about the world around them. He referred to cognizance as the need to seek knowledge and ask questions. In addition to gaining knowledge, he also believed that people have a need for what he referred to as exposition, or the desire to share what they have learned with other people. Influences on Psychogenic Needs Each need is important in and of itself, but Murray also believed that needs can be interrelated, can support other needs, and can conflict with other needs. For example, the need for dominance may conflict with the need for affiliation when overly controlling behavior drives away friends, family, and romantic partners. Murray also believed that environmental factors play a role in how these psychogenic needs are displayed in behavior. Murray called these environmental forces presses. Research on Psychogenic Needs Other psychologists have subjected Murrays psychogenic needs to considerable research. For example, research on the need for achievement has revealed that people with a high need for achievement tend to select more challenging tasks. Studies on the need for affiliation have found that people who rate high on affiliation needs tend to have larger social groups, spend more time in social interaction, and more likely to suffer loneliness when faced with little social contact.

Five Most Important Events in U.S. History - 820 Words

First thing that I chose for my project is, 9/11. This was a dark time for all of America at the time. 9/11 took place November 11, 2001. It was organized by 19 al Qaeda terrorists. The terrorists hijacked 4 commercial planes. Two of the four headed to the World Trade Center while the third headed for the Pentagon. After learning the actions of the three planes, the fourth crash landed in an empty field somewhere in Western Pennsylvania. This is considered the largest number of fatalities that were caused by a foreign attack that happened on American soil which resulted in almost 3,000 deaths. When the people of America found out the events, millions went to help fight and protect against anymore attacks. Next I chose the Manhattan Project. The Manhattan project was a project that brought the world into the nuclear age/era. In the year 1939, we learned that German physicians had learned the secret to splitting the uranium atom. This was extraordinary. When Albert Einstein fled to Ame rica, he brought information about the German’s capability to create a bomb capable of mass-destruction. Einstein was accompanied by Erico Fermi, who escaped fascist Italy. The two thought they should tell President Roosevelt. They wrote a letter to him urge him to establish an atomic research project. Roosevelt agreed but didn’t want everyone to know about it. He called it the Manhattan Project. The main facility they built was in Los Alamos, New Mexico. Nearly two billion dollars was investedShow MoreRelatedThe Five most Important Events in U.S History 572 Words   |  2 PagesFive Most Important Events in U.S. History To me, the most important events that left their mark on America were; Osama Bin Laden’s death, the American Revolution, September 11, 2001, Apollo 11, and Lincoln’s assassination. I am going to be arguing the reason why I believe all of these events to be the most significant, and important in the United States. †¢ Osama Bin Laden Hitler and Laden were good friends throughout all of these attacks and damage caused. Laden had plenty of supporters, butRead MoreEducation And The Current System Of Teaching966 Words   |  4 PagesIn the history of education, there are many events and people which one could say are the most important in the development of the current systems of teaching. Here, I have put together a summary of five such monumental events and influential people which I consider the most important regarding schooling and education in the U.S.. 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The Mexican-American War of 1844-48 was both a controversial and significant part of United States history, yet it’s forgotten by most Americans today. Events such as, the American-Civil War and Spanish-American war overshadows the memory of the Mexican-American War. However witho ut the consequences of the American conflict with Mexico, American history would look significantly different. That is why some historians record and write works to great lengths to keep the war aliveRead MoreEssay on Sports and Politics1311 Words   |  6 Pagesseriousness. But heres the thing, this can cheapen not only the greatness and relevance of sports to us as a society, but also the courage of the athletes . The pursuit of fame, wealth and status can blind the human conscience, which is why it is important for us to encourage athletes to voice their opinions. 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Purpose and Effectiveness of Police Patrol - 1764 Words

The Purpose and Effectiveness of Police Patrols To begin studying this topic I’d like to provide a brief definition of a patrol officer. In law enforcement, patrol officers are uniformed police officers assigned to patrol specified geographic areas. They are the officers most commonly encountered by the public. Their duties include responding to calls for service, making arrests, resolving disputes, taking crime reports, and conducting traffic enforcement, and other crime prevention measures. The patrol officer is the first on the scene to arrive. What they do or fail to do at the scene can greatly influence the outcome of an investigation. The patrol officer, as the person daily in the field, is closest to potential crime and oftentimes†¦show more content†¦Law enforcement administrators have traditionally relied on three (3) indicators to measure agency effectiveness and to determine the amount of funding for particular operational programs such as increased police patrols. First, crime statistics always have played an important role in providing direction to police agencies. But, by relying on crime statistics as conclusive evidence that specific programs or philosophies are achieving their anticipated results, observers often fail to ensure that these statistics accurately reflect what they claim to measure. For example, some politicians often view decreases in crime as indicators of successful programmatic responses to funding priorities, and although the converse is often used as justification for additional funding, some long-range studies suggest that police agencies have little control over increases and decreases in crime. This is so, researchers believe, because the police have no control over the sociological conditions that are blamed for fueling the growth of crime. As we learned from the textbook â€Å"Criminal Justice In Action† Social Process Theories state that the major influence on any individual is not society in general, but t he interactions that dominate everyday life, hence the learning and labeling theories. For this reason,Show MoreRelatedThe Purpose and Efectiveness of Police Patrol Essay834 Words   |  4 PagesRunning Head: POLICE PATROL Purpose and Effectiveness of Police Patrol Police patrol is the ‘backbone of policing’. It accounts for more than two-thirds of a department’s personnel. Their main purpose are similar to those of security guards, only they have a wider area to survey. These watchmen go around the community and arrest or question suspicious people and possible law offenders. Due to this fact, they are avoided by criminals. After World War II the idea of police patrol became a criticalRead MoreOrganization of the Police Department899 Words   |  4 PagesPolice departments have tasks of organization that is divided according to purpose, area and time. Work Assignments are given to certain groups that are divided amongst the department and have a distinct purpose that is unique from the other groups. For example; a police detective performs certain duties that are distinct from that of a patrol officer and vice versa. Each division has their own purpose to achieve certain functions within the department, to maintain effective functions within theRead MoreNewark and Philadelphia Policy Review1276 Words   |  6 Pagesthe impacts the programs have had to date. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of police foot patrol as a means of deterrence through apprehension and as a means of risk reduction, community and problem oriented policing, high crime neighborhood hot spots, and violence prevention. This will be done through the examination of the Newark, NJ and Philadelphia, PA foot patrol experiments. The Philadelphia and Newark foot patrol experiments were both determined to be a successRead MoreThe Importance of Organization in a Police Department786 Words   |  4 PagesThe organization of a police department plays a vital role in the effectiveness of the police department. There are three major concepts you should consider when organizing a police department. They are as follows: area, time, and purpose. I will briefly discuss each concept as it relates to the organization and effectiveness of the police department. The area that any given police department is responsible for plays a huge part in it organization. For example, if a police department is responsibleRead MoreCrime Reduction And Governments By Hiring More Police Essay1529 Words   |  7 PagesPolice are the officials primarily assigned to the task of crime reduction and governments are naturally tempted to address perceived crime problems by hiring more police (Marvell Moody, 1996). It is thought that if police are seen more frequently in an area, potential criminal may be persuaded to think that there is a high likelihood of arrest in that area (Sampson Cohen, 1988). It is not known really if adding police does in fact reduce crime (Marvell Moody, 1996), but it goes back to whatRead MoreMidterm Essay Exam1637 Words   |  7 Pagesintensive police patrols directed to an 80-block hotspot area where the homicide rate was 20 times the national average. It represented a unique approach to crime prevention through preventive patro l. Question 1 Is this approach different from traditional patrol? If so how? If not, how is it similar? 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Student English Text Free Essays

6 1 A SHORT HISTORY OF WESTERN PAINTING Art is influenced by the customs and faith of a people. Styles in Western art have changed many times. As there are so many different styles of Western art, it would be impossible to describe all of them in such a short text. We will write a custom essay sample on Student English Text or any similar topic only for you Order Now Consequently, this text will describe only the most important ones, starting from the sixth century AD. The Middle Ages (5th to the 15th century AD) During the Middle Ages, the main aim of painters was to represent religious themes. A conventional artist of this period was not interested in showing nature and people as they really were. A typical picture at this time was full of religious symbols, which created feeling of respect and love for God. But it was evident that ideas were changing in the 13th century when painters like Giotto di Bondone began to paint religious scenes in a more realistic way. The Renaissance (15th to 16th century) During the Renaissance, new ideas and values graduallv replaced those held in the Middle Ages. People began to concentrate less on religious themes and adopt a more humanistic attitude to life. At the same time painters returned to classical Roman and Greek ideas about art. They tried to paint people and nature as they really were. Rich people wanted to possess their own paintings, so they could decorate their superb palaces and great houses. They paid famous artists to paint pictures of themselves, their houses and possessions as well as their activities and achievements. One of the most important discoveries during this period was how to draw things in perspective. This technique was first used by Masaccio in 1428. When people first saw his paintings, they were convinced that they were looking through a hole in a wall at a real scene. If the roles of perspective had not been discovered, no one would have been able to paint such realistic pictures. By coincidence, oil paints were also developed at this time, which made the colours used in paintings look richer and deeper. Without the new paints and the new technique, we would not be able to see the many great masterpieces for which this period is famous. Impressionism (late 19th to early 20th century) In the late 19th century, Europe changed a great deal. from a mostly agricultural society to a mostly industrial one. Many people moved from the countryside to the new cities. There were many new inventions and social changes. Naturally, these changes also led to new painting styles. Among the painters who broke away from the traditional style of painting were the Impressionists, who lived and worked in Paris. The Impressionists were the first painters to work outdoors. They were eager to show how light and shadow fell on objects at different times of day. However, because natural light changes so quickly, the Impressionists had to paint quickly. Their paintings were not as detailed as those of earlier painters. At first, many people disliked this style of painting and became very angr about it. They said that the painters were careless and their paintings were ridiculous. Modern Art (20th century to today) At the time they were created, the Impressionist paintings were controversial, but today they are accepted as the beginning of what we call â€Å"modem art†. This is because the Impressionists encouraged artists to look at their environment in new ways. There are scores of modern art styles, but without the Impressionists, many of these painting styles might not exist. On the one hand, some modem art is abstract; that is, the painter does not attempt to paint objects as we see them with our eyes, but instead concentrates on certain qualities of the object, using colour, line and shape to represent them. On the other hand, some paintings of modern art are so realistic that they look like photographs. These styles are so different. Who can predict what painting styles there will be in the future? Unit 3 A healthy life-Reading ADVICE FROM GRANDAD Dear James, It is a beautiful day here and I am sitting under the big tree at the end of the garden. I have just returned from a long bike ride to an old castle. It seems amazing that at my age I am still fit enough to cycle 20 kilometres in an afternoon. It’s my birthday in two weeks time and I’ll be 82 years old! I think my long and active life must be due to the healthy life I live. This brings me to the real reason for my letter, my dear grandson. Your mother tells me that you started smoking some time ago and now you are finding it difficult to give it up. Believe me, I know how easy it is to begin smoking and how tough it is to stop. You see, during adolescence I also smoked and became addicted to cigarettes. By the way, did you know that this is because you become addicted in three different ways? First, you can become physically addicted to nicotine, which is one of the hundreds of chemicals in cigarettes. This means that after a while your body becomes accustomed to having nicotine in it. So when the drug leaves your body, you get withdrawal symptoms. I remember feeling bad-tempered and sometimes even in pain. Secondly, you become addicted through habit. As you know, if you do the same thing over and over again, you begin to do it automatically. Lastly, you can become mentally addicted. I believed I was happier and more relaxed after having a cigarette, so I began to think that I could only feel good when I smoked. I was addicted in all three ways, so it was very difficult to quit. But I did finally manage. When I was young, I didn’t know much about the harmful effects of smoking. I didn’t know, for example, that it could do terrible damage to your heart and lungs or that it was more difficult for smoking couples to become pregnant. I certainly didn’t know their babies may have a smaller birth weight or even be abnormal in some way. Neither did I know that my cigarette smoke could affect the health of non-smokers. However, what I did know was that my girlfriend thought I smelt terrible. She said my breath and clothes smelt, and that the ends of my fingers were turning yellow. She told me that she wouldn’t go out with me again unless I stopped! I also noticed that I became breathless quickly, and that I wasn’t enjoying sport as much. When I was taken off the school football team because I was unfit, I knew it was time to quit smoking. I am sending you some advice I found on the Internet. It might help you to stop and strengthen your resolve. I do hope so because I want you to live as long and healthy a life as I have. Love from Grandad Unit 5 The power of nature-Reading AN EXCITING JOB I have the greatest job in the world. I travel to unusual places and work alongside people from all over the world. Sometimes working outdoors, sometimes in an office, sometimes using scientific equipment and sometimes meeting local people and tourists, I am never bored. Although my job is occasionally dangerous, I don’t mind because danger excites me and makes me feel alive. However, the most important thing about my job is that I help protect ordinary people from one of the most powerful forces on earth – the volcano. I was appointed as a volcanologist working for the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) twenty years ago. My job is collecting information for a database about Mount Kilauea, which is one of the most active volcanoes in Hawaii. Having collected and evaluated the information, I help other scientists to predict where lava from the volcano will flow next and how fast. Our work has saved many lives because people in the path of the lava can be warned to leave their houses. Unfortunately, we cannot move their homes out of the way, and many houses have been covered with lava or burned to the ground. When boiling rock erupts from a volcano and crashes back to earth, it causes less damage than you might imagine. This is because no one lives near the top of Mount Kilauea, where the rocks fall. The lava that flows slowly like a wave down the mountain causes far more damage because it buries everything in its path under the molten rock. However, the eruption itself is really exciting to watch and I shall never forget my first sight of one. It was in the second week after I arrived in Hawaii. Having worked hard all day, I went to bed early. I was fast asleep when suddenly my bed began shaking and I heard a strange sound, like a railway train passing my window. Having experienced quite a few earthquakes in Hawaii already, I didn’t take much notice. I was about to go back to sleep when suddenly my bedroom became as bright as day. I ran out of the house into the back garden where I could see Mount Kilauea in the distance. There had been an eruption from the side of the mountain and red hot lava was fountaining hundreds of metres into the air. It was an absolutely fantastic sight. The day after this eruption I was lucky enough to have a much closer look at it. Two other scientists and I were driven up the mountain and dropped as close as possible to the crater that had been formed during the eruption. Having earlier collected special clothes from the observatory, we put them on before we went any closer. All three of us looked like spacemen. We had white protective suits that covered our whole body, helmets, big boots and special gloves. It was not easy to walk in these suits, but we slowly made our way to the edge of the crater and looked down into the red, boiling centre. The other two climbed down into the crater to collect some lava for later study, but this being my first experience, I stayed at the top and watched them. Today, I am just as enthusiastic about my job as the day I first started. Having studied volcanoes now for many years, I am still amazed at their beauty as well as their potential to cause great damage. THE BEST OF MANHATTAN’S ART GALLERIES The Frick Collection (5th Avenue and E. 70th Street) Many art lovers would rather visit this small art gallery than any other in New York. Henry Clay Frick, a rich New Yorker, died in 1919, leaving his house, furniture and art collection to the American people. Frick had a preference for pre-twentieth century Western paintings, and these are well-represented in this excellent collection. You can also explore Frick’s beautiful home and garden which are well worth a Visit. Guggenheim Museum(5th Avenue and 88th Street) This museum owns 5,000 superb modern paintings, sculptures and drawings. These art works are not all displayed at the same time. The exhibition is always changing. It will appeal to those who love Impressionist and Post-Impressionist paintings. The Guggenheim Museum building is also world-famous. When you walk into gallery, you feel as if you were inside a fragile, white seashell. The best way to see the paintings is to start from the top floor and walk down to the bottom. There are no stairs just a circular path. The museum also has an excellent restaurant. Metropolitan Museum of Art (5th Avenue and 82nd Street) The reputation of this museum lies in the variety of its art collection. This covers more than 5,000 years of civilization from many parts of the world, including America, Europe, China, Egypt, other African countries and South America. The museum displays more than just the visual delights of art. It introduces you to ancient ways of living. You can visit an Egyptian temple, a fragrant Ming garden, a typical room in an 18th century French house and many other special exhibitions. Museum of Modern Art (53rd Street, between 5th and 6th Avenues) It is amazing that so many great works of art from the late 19th century to the 21st century are housed in the same museum. The collection of Western art includes paintings by such famous artists as Monet, Van Gogh, Picasso and Matisse. A few words of warning: the admission price is not cheap and the museum is often very crowded. Whitney Museum of American Art (945 Madison Avenue, near 75th Street) The Whitney holds an excellent collection of contemporary American painting and sculpture. There are no permanent displays in this museum and exhibitions change all the time. Every two years, the Whitney holds a special exhibition of new art by living artists. The museum also shows videos and films by contemporary video artists. Suppose you were the president of a high school council and you received the letter below. It is from a group of students who would like to make their school more attractive. Read the letter and then use the outline on the next page to make notes for a report about the letter to the school council. Class 2A Seaforth High School Ramsay Rd Seaforth Mrs L Kroll President, Seaforth High School Council PO Box 235, Seaforth 12 May Dear Mrs Kroll, Lately our class has become worried about the environment at the back of the school, and we would like to do something to make it more attractive. We have done some research and have come up with a plan. With the help of our parents, we can do most of the work ourselves, but we will need a small amount of money for equipment, plants-and paint. I am writing to ask the council for permission to do this work and to ask if the school council could donate $500 towards our project. We would like to turn the empty land at the back of the school into a nature garden. We would plant trees and grasses, make paths through the garden and dig a small pond. We think this would provide a peaceful place for students and teachers to walk in. It would also attract birds, insects and small animals which students could then study in science classes. We would also like to paint the back wall of the school that faces the new garden. Some of our art classes could then paint a huge picture on it. It might be possible to paint over the wall each year so the next classes can make a new picture. Lastly, we would like to paint all the rubbish bins. At the moment they look old and the paint is coming off. If we paint them in bright, attractive colours, students might be more likely to use them. We think our plan would greatly improve the back of the school and everyone in the school would benefit. We have already asked our parents and they have promised to donate one weekend of their time to help us complete the project. We hope you will give us permission for this worthwhile project and will be able to donate the $500 we need. When we have finished the work, we hope the council will join us in a celebration morning tea so that the whole school can thank you. Yours sincerely, Jo Ryan (Class president) Reading and discussing Before you read the poster below, discuss what you know about HIV/AIDS with your classmates. Make a list of words that you might come across in this poster. HIV/AIDS:ARE YOU AT RISK? HIV is a virus. A virus is a very small living thing that causes disease. There are many different viruses, for example, the flu virus or the SARS virus. HIV weakens a person’s immune system; that is, the part of the body that fights disease. You can have HIV in your blood for a long time, but eventually HIV will damage your immune system so much that you body can no longer fight disease. This stage of the illness is called AIDS. If you develop AIDS, your chances of survival are very small. HIV is spread through blood or the fluid that the body makes during sex. For a person to become infected, blood or sexual fluid that carries the virus, has to get inside the body through broken skin or by injection. One day scientists will find a cure for HIV/AIDS. Until that happens, you need to protect yourself. Here are some things you can do to make sure you stay safe. If you inject drugs: do not share your needle with anyone else. Blood from another person can stay on or in the needle. If a person has HIV and you use the same needle, you could inject the virus into your own blood. do not share anything else that a person has used while injecting drugs. Blood could have spilt on it. If you have sex with a male or a female: use a condom. This will prevent sexual fluid passing from one person to another. The following statements are NOT true. A person cannot get HIV the first time they have sex. WRONG. If one sexual partner has HIV, the other partner could become infected. You can tell by looking at someone whether or not they have HIV. WRONG. Many people carrying HIV look perfectly healthy. It is only when the disease has progressed to AIDS that a person begins to look sick. Only homosexuals get AIDS. WRONG. Anyone who has sex with a person infected with H1V/AIDS risks getting the virus. Women are slightly more likely to become infected than men. If you hug, touch or kiss someone with AIDS or visit them in their home, you will get HIV/AIDS. WRONG. You can only get the disease from blood or sexual fluid. Unfortunately, people with HIV sometimes lose their friends because of prejudice. Many people are afraid that they will get HIV/AIDS from those infected with HIV! AIDS. For the same reason, some AIDS patients cannot find anyone to look after them when they are sick. You can get HIV/AIDS from mosquitoes. WRONG. There is no evidence of this. Before you read Tom’s essay on environmental problems, glance at the title and pictures and predict the main idea of the essay. CLEAN UP YOUR BUTTS AND BAGS All sorts of items become litter, but two of the most common and most dangerous are cigarette butts and plastic bags. Litter is a big problem for our environment, but it is a problem that individuals can easily do something about. Not littering at all or cleaning up litter, such as cigarette butts and plastic bags, greatly improves the quality of our environment. Although cigarette butts are small, they are bad for the environment. Over 1,600 billion cigarettes are smoked each year in China and large quantities of the butts are thrown away. Worldwide, about 4. 5 trillion butts are littered every year. Apart from the fact that butts spoil the beauty of the environment, they contain some very toxic chemicals. These find their way into the water supply where they decrease the quality of the water and endanger plants and animals that live there. Because there are so many butts and because they can take up to 5 years to break down, the toxic chemicals add up to a large amount. So, if people have to smoke, they should not throw away the butts but put them in the rubbish bin instead. Plastic bags are another common form of litter that is a danger to the environment. There are several reasons for this. They are made from oil and gas, which are non-renewable resources, ff they are not recycled, these resources are lost to us. In China, 2 billion plastic bags are used every day. An enormous number of these become litter. This is a huge problem because they last from 20 to 1,000 years in the environment. They float easily in air and water and travel long distances. They find their way to rivers, parks, beaches and oceans. Plastic bags kill up to one million seabirds, 100,000 sea mammals and countless fish each year worldwide. When the animal dies and breaks down, the plastic bag can become free again to kill another animal. It is up to people not to let plastic bags become litter. It would be better if they used fewer and recycled them. Cleaning up your cigarette butts and plastic bags would improve the environment. The earth would be a better place because it would be less polluted. And we would know that we were doing something to look after our planet. However, I believe the best solution would be not to smoke or use plastic bags at all. THE EARTH IS BECOMING WARMER-BUT DOES IT MATTER? During the 20th century the temperature of the earth rose about one degree Fahrenheit. That probably does not seem much to you or me, but it is a rapid increase when compared to other natural changes. So how has this come about and does it matter? Earth Care’s Sophie Armstrong explores these questions. There is no doubt that the earth is becoming warmer (see Graph 1) and that it is human activity that has caused this global warming rather than a random but natural phenomenon. All scientists subscribe to the view that the increase in the earth’s temperature is due to the burning of fossil fuels like coal, natural gas and oil to produce energy. Some byproducts of this process are called â€Å"greenhouse† gases, the most important one of which is carbon dioxide. Dr Janice Foster explains: â€Å"There is a natural phenomenon that scientists call the ‘greenhouse effect’. This is when small amounts of gases in the atmosphere, like carbon dioxide, methane and water vapour, trap heat from the sun and therefore warm the earth. Without the ‘greenhouse effect’, the earth would be about thirty-three degrees Celsius cooler than it is. So, we need those gases. The problem begins when we add huge quantities of extra carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. It means that more heat energy tends to be trapped in the atmosphere causing the global temperature to go up. † We know that the levels of carbon dioxide have increased greatly over the last 100 to 150 years. It was a scientist called Charles Keeling, who made accurate measurements of the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from 1957 to 1997. He found that between these years the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere went up from around 315 parts to around 370 parts per million (see Graph 2). All scientists accept this data. They also agree that it is the burning of more and more fossil fuels that has resulted in this increase in carbon dioxide. So how high will the temperature increase go? Dr Janice Foster says that over the next 100 years the amount of warming could be as low as 1 to 1. degrees Celsius, but it could be as high as 5 degrees. However, the attitude of scientists towards this rise is completely different. On the one hand, Dr Foster thinks that the trend which increases the temperature by 5 degrees would be a catastrophe. She says, â€Å"We can’t predict the climate well enough to know what to expect, but it could be very serious. † Others who agree with her think there may be a rise of several metres in the sea level, or predict severe storms, floods, droughts, famines, the spread of diseases and the disappearance of species. On the other hand, there are those, like George Hambley, who are opposed to this view, believe that we should not worry about high levels of carbon dioxide in the air. They predict that any warming will be mild with few bad environmental consequences. In fact, Hambley states, â€Å"More carbon dioxide is actually a positive thing. It will make plants grow quicker; crops will produce more; it will encourage a greater range of animals – all of which will make life for human beings better. † Greenhouse gases continue to build up in the atmosphere. Even if we start reducing the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, the climate is going to keep on warming for decades or centuries. No one knows the effects of global warming. Does that mean we should do nothing? Or, are the risks too great? WHAT CAN WE DO ABOUT GLOBAL WARMING? Dear Earth Care, I am doing a project on behalf of my school about global warming. Sometimes I feel that individuals can have little effect on such huge environmental problems. However, 1 still think people should advocate improvements in the way we use energy today. As I’m not sure where to start with my project, I would appreciate any suggestions you may have. Thank you! Ouyang Guang Dear Ouyang Guang, There are many people who have a commitment like yours, but they do not believe they have the power to do anything to improve our environment. That is not true. Together, individuals can make a difference. We do not have to put up with pollution. The growth of the greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide in the air actually comes as a result of many things we do every day. Here are a few suggestions on how to reduce it. They should get you started with your project. We use a lot of energy in our houses. It is OK to leave an electrical appliance on so long as you are using it – if not, turn it off! Do not be casual about this. So if you are not using the lights, the TV, the computer, and so on, turn them off. If you are cold, put on more clothes instead of turning up the heat. 2 Motor vehicles use a lot of energy- so walk or ride a bike if you can. 3 Recycle cans, bottles, plastic bags and newspapers if circumstances allow you to. It takes a lot of energy to make things from new materials, so, if you can, buy things made from recycled materials. Get your parents to buy things that are economical with energy – this includes cars as well as smaller things like fridges and microwaves. 5 Plant trees in your garden or your school yard, as they absorb carbon dioxide from the air and refresh your spirit when you look at them. 6 Finally and most importantly, be an educator. Talk with your family and friends about global warming and tell them what you have learned. Remember – your contribution counts! Earth Care THE LRKE OF HERVEN Changbaishan is in Jilin Province, Northeast China. Much of this beautiful, mountainous area is thick forest . Changbaishan is China’s largest nature reserve and it is kept in its natural state for the people of China and visitors from all over the world to enjoy. The height of the land varies from 700 metres above sea level to over 2,000 metres and is home to a great diversity of rare plants and animals. Among the rare animals are cranes, black bears, leopards and tigers. Many people come to Changbaishan to study its unique plants and animals. Others come to walk in the mountains, to see the spectacular waterfalls or to bathe in the hot water pools. However, the attraction that arouses the greatest appreciation in the reserve is Tianchi or the Lake of Heaven. Tianchi is a deep lake that has formed in the crater of a dead volcano on top of the mountain. The lake is 2,194 metres above sea level, and more than 200 metres deep. In winter the surface freezes over. It takes about an hour to climb from the end of the road to the top of the mountain. When you arrive you are rewarded not only with the sight of its clear waters, but also by the view of the other sixteen mountain peaks that surround Tianchi. There are many stories told about Tianchi. The most well-known concerns three young women from heaven. They were bathing in Tainchi when a bird flew above them and dropped a small fruit onto the dress of the youngest girl. When she picked up the fruit to smell it, it flew into her mouth. Having swallowed the fruit, the girl became pregnant and later gave birth to a handsome boy. It is said that this boy, who had a great gift for languages and persuasion, is the father of the Manchu people. If you are lucky enough to visit the Lake of Heaven with your loved one, don’t forget to drop a coin into the clear blue water to guarantee your love will be as deep and lasting as the lake itself. Look at the title of the story and the picture below. Can you predict what the story is about? Then read the story quickly and see if you were right. TRAPPED BY THE FLOOD â€Å"It’s not looking too good, darling. I think you’d better pack a few things and go to your mother’s place. And you’d better take Rosie and Monty with you. † Putting down the phone, Sara sighed. Tomorrow was her husband Tony’s birthday. She had planned to cook him a nice meal and then surprise him with the new mountain bike she’d bought for him. If she went to her mother’s house, Tony wouldn’t get his present for days. However, her mother’s house was the best place to be right now. Being on higher land, it would be safe from the floods. It had been raining heavily for almost two weeks and the river near Sara and Tony’s house was rising higher and higher all the time. Tony and others from the village had spent the last two days putting sandbags along the side of the river to stop it overflowing. Now they feared that their hard work had been useless and soon the whole valley would be flooded. Sara dressed baby James in warm clothes and collected the things she would need for him over the next few days. She put the lead on the dog and went in search of Monty, the cat. It took her a long time, but eventually she found him safe and warm under the covers on her bed. She placed him in his cat basket and took him into the kitchen where James and the dog, Rosie, waited. Just as she was reaching for the car keys, Sara heard a sound like the noise bath water makes when you pull out the plug. She looked at the back door. Water was flowing in underneath. Turning around she saw dirty brown water fountaining out of the drain and filling the sink. Quickly she put James into her backpack and pulled it onto her back. Calling to Rosie, she picked up the cat basket and ran to the front of the house and out into the front garden. The water was already up to her knees. Rosie was swimming beside her. Knowing the water would soon be much deeper, Sara ran to the car and opened the doors. She threw the cat basket onto the roof of the car and pushed Rosie up beside it. Using the car seat as a step she climbed first onto the front of the car and then onto the roof. James, sately attached to her back, made no sound at all. Sara stared down at the water which was rushing past the car. It was already half way up the doors, and still rising. How to cite Student English Text, Essay examples

The Roles of Women in Nazi Germany free essay sample

Examines the roles and perceptions of women in Germany from 1930-1940. This essay examines the role of women and motherhood during the 1930?s, when the Nazi regime took over Germany. It takes a hard look at the views and opinions about women by the leaders of the Nazi regime. The Nazi regimes views of what a womans role should be and what they actually were, were very different. A womans place was in the home, looking after her husband, her home, and most importantly, her children. The Nazi ideology saw women as inferior to men, a woman should be at home and having children, Kinder, Kirche, Kuche. Goebbels said a womans primary, rightful, and appropriate place is in the family, and the most wonderful task that she can perform is to present her country and people with children.[i] The image of marriage and motherhood was sold not only as a benefit to the individual and family but also an obligation to the state. We will write a custom essay sample on The Roles of Women in Nazi Germany or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The regime believed in this so much that women could apply for marriage loans, where a woman who was getting married could apply for a marriage loan, on the proviso that she left the job market.